Photoshoot Pose Ideas.

I like the idea of mostly headshots and half- shots in order to regain my knowledge on expressing emotion through my photographs. I feel that headshots Is a good first photoshoot into my personal study in order to regain my knowledge on expressing emotions through my photographs and showing the ‘stereotypical woman’ in this day. Below are some ideas for headshots and types of poses and themes I would like to add into my photoshoot and attempt to replicate.

This mood board represents some of the types of poses I would like to incorporate in my first photoshoot and final work. I wanted to include photos that are coloured and black and white with mainly demonstrating basic feminine poses that are used in the media in order to express an idealised view of women and femininity.

PHOTOSHOOT 1:

I was changing camera settings and experimented with different settings which would be effective for this photoshoot, this resulted in many low quality images at the beginning of my photoshoot. I chose to have 3 different models that I will be using in my future photoshoots in my personal study in order to give them and myself an idea of what kind of message I would like to portray. I edited these photographs in Adobe Lightroom and focused on increasing the texture and highlights. The highlights helped to add more dimension to the face and darken the background slightly, which also darkened up her face but enhanced her features. I also increased the texture to make the photo appear of a higher quality so that more detail is able to be seen in the close up images. I also then smoothened out their faces to show the photo is professional and small imperfections were removed.

My Best Photographs:

These photos I believe show what the media want women to look like in a range of photographs. Although these three women are all different and look different their ‘purpose‘ and ‘portrayal‘ is the same. They are smiling, happy and show beauty. Although inside they may not feel happy or like they are having a good time, the three girls are smiling and laughing as if that is the only emotion they are allowed to have the capacity to feel. There is a blank background and no specific product or object in the photo, to show that the spotlight is on them and that they are the main piece of the photo. I enjoyed photographing this as this refreshed my memory on portrait photography and showed my models that they are allowed to be themselves whilst being photographed. In future, I would like to work with more models, different costume and different background. My favourite thing about this photoshoot, is the lighting, I like how their faces are slightly shadowed and come across as mysterious. I also like how all the models are different and display different personalities within as little as one photo of each of them.

Model 1:

This model is shown to be serious and straightforward, she is looking over her shoulder and she is looking at different angles and not at the camera. This indicates shyness or discomfort and does not want to draw attention to herself. This slightly opposes usual stereotypes as she is signalling that she isn’t fully engaged or interested in what’s going on. However, it is also pleasing female stereotypes as people do not make eye contact if a person is feeling vulnerable, anxious, or upset, they might look away from the camera to avoid revealing their feelings. My model is wearing a red top which juxtaposes with her expressions as red is bold and striking, evoking a sense of power and confidence. In the context of femininity, It can represent a woman’s strength, assertiveness, and authority. In all three photos, he subjects face is concealed by a shadow. This can significantly affect how the viewer interprets the subject’s mood, intentions, or personality. This creates an element of mystery to the photographs as it suggests that something is being hidden or obscured. Having half of my models face darkened by shadows creates contextual meaning as the contrast between light and shadow on someone’s face can symbolize the clash between contrasting psychological states, such as good and evil, joy and sadness, or conscious and unconscious aspects of the self.

Model 2:

My second model is displaying female happiness and confidence. If someone is trying to appear more cheerful or friendly in a photo, they might laugh to create the illusion of being happy and engaged. This could be a performative or staged action rather than a genuine emotional response. It may signal that they’re aware of the camera but don’t feel genuinely connected to the experience being captured. She is radiating positivity and is wearing a light pink tone to show her femininity as In many cultures, pink is viewed as a “soft” colour, representing qualities like nurturing, gentleness, and warmth which are traits historically and culturally linked to femininity. women are often expected to display their emotions openly, including happiness. This can create a cultural expectation that women are more likely to express joy, warmth, and care, all of which can be seen as “feminine” traits. She has long blonde straight hair which shows her identity and femininity with her jewellery and wearing fake eyelashes to enhances gender norms. The beauty industry, through advertising and media, often presents makeup as an essential aspect of a woman’s self-expression. It reinforces the idea that makeup is a tool for women to feel confident and attractive, further joining its association with femininity. In these images the girl is laughing she is seen to be smiling and hang a good time whereas in reality the laughter is forced and fake, but this backstory would never have been questioned or thought about, due to the ease to create a snapshot of happiness, even if the person is in fact unhappy.

Model 3:

This model is representing multiple genres of women. Froom strong and confident, to more shy and timid. However, overall she is radiating confidence and self-assurance. These traits would be included in a modern day advertisement as the model is keeping yup with the latest fashion and beauty trends such as cropped top, silver hooped earrings, slicked back style, long dark ponytail hair and low waisted jeans. These fashion choices portray what is IN right now and what would attract the modern day viewer and appeal to them, in order to keep them up with the latest fashion trends. Her posing such as hands on her hips and looking over her shoulder shows empowerment and Independence as she shows she is focused and capable, independent, with her career, ambitions, and leadership qualities. However, in comparison to this, there are also images of her her smiling or a straight face with her head on her shoulder, this body language shows she is more an object to look at, rather than a woman of power and authority. These photos demonstrate different female emotions such as power, happiness, embarrassment, shyness or nothing at all.

My Top 5 Images:

These 5 photograph stand out from the rest of the photoshoot and so I decided to put them in black and white because black and white photos are often more dramatic than coloured images. I think that the dark tones and deep contrasts often instil an almost moody, or mysterious impression onto the image which also makes the viewer look straight at the subject in order to figure out the genre and meaning of the image. I like these photos particularly as they include all different female emotions amongst all three women and how although they are all being photographed and smiling, they are all an individual and have a different identity instead of being grouped together as just the ‘stereotypical girl’ they have the capacity and voice to express their feelings, opinions and viewpoints.

For Example:

Social Norms: Smiling is often considered a standard expression for photographs. It conveys happiness and friendliness, making the image more appealing. Positive Emotions: A smile reflects positive feelings and can enhance the mood of the photo. It signals joy, excitement, or enjoyment of the moment being captured. ¹ This statement explains how in modern day social norms, everybody is supposed to always be happy and having a good time, whereas in reality, emotions even in this day, are seen to be concealed and replaced with a façade of happiness and contentment. However, in comparison, media products that are serious and have a ‘dead expression’ also may cause a women to feel like they must be emotionless and be an object only to look at, and not express her happiness or laugher as their laughing or happy face, may be an insecurity to them. 64 per cent of people are too self-conscious to properly smile when taking pictures, claiming their teeth impact their confidence in front of the camera and over half (57 per cent) think that the condition of their smile has impacted their personal relationships or dating life.²

Comparisons:

I decided to also recreate some photographs selected from modelling shoots to show the way anybody can recreate or fake emotions and feelings to fit a specific narrative or idea that somebody else wants them to. Whereas, in reality, whilst being photographed, these women should be able to express how they truly feel and not have to pose for them camera in order to fit the expected narrative of their gender. Having inspiration for this shoot was very helpful for ideas on how to begin and what message I wanted to convey. In conclusion, I think this photoshoot was successful as a first shoot on women and femininity for me. To improve, I would focus more on the wardrobe and the clothes my models are wearing, however, I also wanted top wear their everyday clothes and portray how everyday clothes can still be objectified and questioned in negative ways, even through it is your own independent choice on what you wear. Criticism on what you wear is a constant stigma in society. For example, In a survey conducted by the theamag,com exposed how when women are asked if they believe that they being sexualized because of what they wear is an existing issue, 97.7% of them responded “yes.” I would also have chosen a multitude of young girls to photograph in order to show the different personalities and ethnicities and differences in young women and how no matter how different they are, they all share a common thing of feeling objectified and feeling a sense of low self esteem and low confidence as a result of derogatory views put upon them by men and the media.

1. why do people smile in photos – Google Search ↩︎
2. how many people dont want to smile in photos – Google Search ↩︎

For this photoshoot, Instead of the lighting studio, I would like to take some Cindy Sherman- type images in black and white. For this I would take them at a house which is an easy and accessible place to take photos. I chose to pick a house that gives a more old- fashioned impression. I had my model Lexi hold poses that were similar to Cindy Sherman’s poses. This is in hopes to replicate some of Cindy’s work, but to also interpret her work and make it my own.

PLANNING AND PREPARATION

I chose to make this mood board to give me ideas on what I want to incorporate when it comes to my Cindy Sherman inspired photoshoot. I decided to cut out both photos of Cindy Sherman’s photography and photos relating to people and genres of photos that I would like to include. These ideas could consist of makeup, hair, posing and expression.

In this photoshoot my model could be in a range of positions such as:

• Leaning against a door
• Looking out the window
• Sitting/ lying on the floor
• Working in the kitchen
• Reading something
• Writing something
• Thinking about something
• Looking over her shoulder
• Looking down or up
• Looking left or right
• Staring straight into the camera lens
• Sitting in a chair

These posing and positioning ideas will help me when it comes to having ideas when taking my photos. I aim to take around 50 or more photo. These will consist of multiple poses, setups and locations around my models house. I chose this location because this house has a more older, rustic and old- fashioned impression, which I decided was the best location to take my photos, instead of using the lighting studio.

I have decided to prioritize the content such as posing, facial experiments and merely the inspiration of Cindy Sherman’s content. I will attempt to maintain good lighting and camera settings, however It is not my main priority.

Some aspects I need to remember:

• To experiment was exposure
• Keep lighting simple
• Frame my subject
• Use black and white
• Experiment with different camera settings
• Plan ahead of time
• Have a clear plan of the costume, hair and makeup I would like my model to do.
• Use Lightroom and photoshop to further edit my photos

These are 6 main photos I would like to attempt to recreate and mirror with my own photoshoot and model. I think the two main thing to help show I an recreating Cindy Sherman’s photography is costume and locations.

The costume similar to what Cindy wears are items such as:

• Long pearls
• Long dresses
• Scarves
• Aprons
• Towels
• Long coats
• Heels
• Gloves

The locations similar to where Cindy goes are places such as:

• Kitchen
• On a chair
• Bedroom
• Living room
• Bathroom
• Dining room

ALL PHOTOSHOOT PHOTOS

Here are all the photos I took for my Cindy Sherman inspired photoshoot outside of school. I decided to categorise these images through having my least favourite images of a low quality labelled red. This may be a fuzzy, blurry low quality image which is accidental or used for experimentation with camera settings. I then have my yellow images which are of a higher quality but could be possibly slightly fuzzy or have the wrong camera settings. A green category image may be an image of high quality and may be used to edit. A blue image is an image that is edited and of its highest quality.

Example of a red category image:

Example of a yellow category image:

Example of a green category image:

Example of a blue category image:

In the first 10 minutes of my photoshoot, I decided to work with a lower quality and lower exposure and lower shutter speed with camera settings. This was to achieve a certain look of older photos taken in e.g. 1980s to replicate Cindy Sherman’s lower quality images. However, I then decided that higher quality images would look more effective for my interpretation of her work.

My Camera Settings.

Example of a LOW QUALITY Cindy Sherman Image.

This image is much more grainier and lower quality which shows its age and how long ago the pictures were taken.

My Lower Quality Images.

MY BEST IMAGES

I then returned to focusing on high quality images and increased my camera settings to avoid blurriness.

I love how these photos contain a dramatized, over the top version of my usual photography. However, I really wanted to capture the drama aspect in Cindy Sherman’s work and how she uses her facial expressions to show her storylines. I feel like the costume really helped with showing the time period which these were meant to be set in. I also think the images being in black and white helped with making them look like they are from a different time.

Comparisons.

This is my photography inspired by Cindy Sherman’s work. I attempted to replicated the poses, not as much the costume or setting. I think this worked well whilst maintaining my own style but taking inspiration and referring back to Cindy’s Untitled Film Stills poses. I found that using Cindy’s work as inspiration and copying her poses made my photographs look more authentic and realistic as if they could be similar to her world.

Photoshop Edits.

• In photoshop I made this image by opening all 4 photos in 4 different tabs in Photoshop.

• I then clicked and dragged my second photo onto my first photo, I repeated this process by clicking and dragging all 3 remaining images onto the first
• I then cropped and changed the angles of my photos my moving to tilt more to the left and right.

• I then double clicked on the layer I dragged decreased the opacity, I repeated this process for all 4 photos. I made my photos have all different opacities for effect.

• I then repositioned all my photos to fit to my preference. I wanted them to have all different sizes which I think helps the picture to look more interesting.

I feel like these edits helped my editing skills and has helped me to know whether I want to use Photoshop edited images.

Mood board Analysis:

For my mood board, I decided to incorporate photos where women look strong and powerful, but also where women are showing their emotions, exploring different types of relationships and friendships. I also wanted to include female emotion and how emotion is a cast aside and stereotypical topic around women and how the word ‘Feminist‘ has a particular stigma surrounding it. Creating these moodboards has helped me to generate ideas with what type of work I would like to produce and what message I would like to convey.

I chose images that are all different.

Black and White.

Happy and Sad.

Feminine and Masculine.

Edited and Non Edited.

Staged and Candid.

Group and Single.

Head- Shot and Full Body Shot.

This mood board helped me to decide on the fact I would like to focus on girlhood. Particularly older teenagers at the age of 17-19 and the struggles of moving from adolescence to adulthood and the hardships young women face. I like this topic as it is a current topic which is faced globally and I feel It is a topic which I will enjoy expressing my opinion on and It is an important topic which needs embracing by young people especially.

Feminists.

The stigma around feminism I would like to explore is of negative stereotypes of feminists the idea that feminists are all lesbians, man-hating, antifamily, selfish, radical, unusually angry, assertive, ugly, bra-burning, and humourless.

This moodboard represents some of the types of poses I would like to encorporate in my photoshoots and final work.

Women’s Suffrage

Women’s suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. Finally in 1918, Parliament passed an act granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, and graduates of British universities. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted women the right to vote. This right—known as women’s suffrage—was ratified on August 18, 1920: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of gender.

Reproductive Rights

Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world.  The World Health Organisation  defines reproductive rights as follows:

1. Rights to reproductive and sexual health include the right to life, liberty and the security of the person.

2. The right to health care and information.

3. The right to non-discrimination in the allocation of resources to health services and in their availability and accessibility.

Being able to make decisions about how to express our sexuality, including our sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as about our bodies, our personal relationships, the form and shape of one’s family and the destination of one’s life path, among other things, is essential to our bodily autonomy and dignity. However, across the world, millions of people, particularly members of marginalized and stigmatized communities and those living in poverty, are prevented from making free and informed decisions about their bodies. In many countries this happens because governments try to dictate how people form intimate relationships, or express desire, as well as whether and when to have children. This affects women, girls and LGBTI people in particular, but it’s not just about individuals, it impacts whole communities.

Sexual and reproductive rights – Amnesty International

HOW ARE WOMEN’S RIGHTS BEING VIOLATED?

Today, gender bias continues to create huge barriers for many women. Ongoing struggles include ensuring equal economic opportunities, educational equity, and an end to gender-based violence.

But across the globe many women and girls still face discrimination on the basis of sex and gender. Gender inequality underpins many problems which disproportionately affect women and girls, such as domestic and sexual violence, lower pay, lack of access to education, and inadequate HealthCare.

Examples of gender discrimination include but are not limited to: Mis gendering or mispronouncing (purposefully using the wrong gender identity or pronouns to address someone) Having limited access to all-gender restrooms. Disfavouring someone based on gender.

NAME IDEA- THE FEMALE GAZE. – I like the idea of this name for my personal and independent study name as it juxtaposes THE MALE GAZE and shows how actually the power is in the women’s favour and that they are in fact control, and control the gave that is put upon them.

The female ‘gaze’ creates the perspective of being “in” rather than overlooking the character’s experiences, allowing the audience to understand the character’s inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

The idea of the ‘female’ gaze is that the female gaze embraces the spectator, character, and the directors of these works and sets out to represent women as people who are capable of the same things men are.

I have also previously explored this topic of women and their role in the world whilst researching Cindy Sherman. Cindy Sherman is an independent photographer who took photographs in the 70’s. Something I find particularly admiring, is how she she took her camera and pointed it at HERSELF, instead of photographing someone else. I find this very unique and actually brings more meaning and creativity to the photos she created. This gesture then became her signature thing and showed her strong views on gender and the construction of identity through key times when opinions and personalities where particularly changing in history. She also mad many different character that she would pretend to being her photos and experiment with makeup, hairstyles and costume to demonstrate these characters.

I really like the idea of femininity and women in todays age as it is a subject that I, myself live through and endure. I can also use other young women enduring this in order to convey my message. I hope to express my theories on gender and identity and how women can be interpreted in different ways and do not need to fit a specific narrative. Analysing Cindy Sherman has aided this idea as she, herself has worked on how women can be interpreted in different ways and all the multiple narratives they can fit. Although, a difference I would like to express Is a positive light on women and how they can in, fact be strong and independent compared to an idealised view of being helpless and dependent on men.

Cindy Sherman originally studied painting and began by painting self portraits of her, in which she was herself, as characters which she would see in magazines and photographs. She then began to work on altering her face with makeup and different costume and first produced 5 images of different personas such as a clown and a young girl and many others. These photos helped to soar her fascination for impersonation and self transformation.

She then began to visit thrift stores to purchase new outfits for specific characters. She quoted “So it just grew and grew until I was buying and collecting more and more of these things, and suddenly the characters came together just because I had so much of the detritus from them. She then began to wear these different characters and at as them whilst attending different gallery openings.

Cindy Sherman’s work which was her most famous, was her Untitled Film Stills which are small black and white photos where Cindy has impersonated different female characters through glamourous and meaningful images. Throughout these film stills Cindy Sherman imitated different lifestyles and character stereotypes which shows how women and women’s bodies are perceived by the mass media and by the male gender. Whilst moving to New York, Cindy Sherman continued to role play in disguises and characters and photographed her imitations as the Untitled Film Stills. Although she took many of her own photographs, some photos were shot by family and friends. The voyeuristic perspective of Cindy’s work creates an imposing feeling on the viewer, as if you are secretly observing the character and she is always the subject of the controlling male gaze instead of the object of masculine desire.

Cindy Sherman’s Inspiration for Untitled Film Stills.

Eleanor Antin is an inspiration to Cindy Sherman’s work and she has said herself hat her Untitled Film Stills are related to the feminist performance work of the 1970s. Eleanor was an early influence to Cindy Sherman as she herself used to dress up and transform herself into multiple characters. s Her works are are considered conceptual, feminist classics such as “CARVING: A Traditional Sculpture”, “100 BOOTS”, where she created her 3 personas: The King, the Ballerina and the Nurse. Which he became particularly known for and helped her to gain fame and acknowledgement to express her message. Her multitude of characters explored the idea of roles and power, including how the artist is a subject in society. Eleanor critiques historical narratives and gendered power structures through fictional personas such as the three characters as they highlight different roles in society and hierarchies. This came in favour to Cindy as she took inspiration and decided to transform herself into different characters also. These two artists work are similar as they both use their bodies and self-representation as tools to critique identity, gender, and the roles women are assigned in society.

Eleanor Antin’s work themes consist of Identity, gender, history, the body, power, social roles, self-representation.

Cindy Sherman’s work themes consist of Gender, identity, representation, the male gaze, stereotypes, popular culture, societal roles.

Although these two artists also differ as Cindy Sherman’s work mainly focuses on deconstructing media representations of women, whereas Eleanor Antin’s work focuses more on exploring historical and social roles. I feel both these artists are essential to have knowledge on throughout this personal study as I have gained knowledge on different peoples interpretations on gender, identity and feminist views throughout history in order to create my own vision and my own message in response to other peoples work from the past.

Film Stills.

I really like Cindy Sherman’s work and I hope to find similar photographers to her to demonstrate my vision. Although In my personal study I would not include pictures of only myself but also of other women. I really like how Cindy Sherman experimented with hair, makeup and costume to portray different characters and I would like to do the same. Researching Cindy Sherman’s work has helped me to understand a historical side to the male gaze and how times have changed, but not really. Society has still created an inaccurate.

I would possibly like to do a ‘Modern Day’ take on this or maybe choose a more ‘Past’ approach, or do a comparison of them both and include different interpretations of past times and modern times and show how different females live different lives according to identity, sexuality, wealth and lifestyle.

Photo Analysis.

Technical:

The soft and naturalistic lighting in this photograph demonstrates that it is a photo from the past and is meant to display the time of the late 1970s. Which explains the low quality and slightly pixelated camera settings that are not very focused. I think that high contrast lighting, with a wide difference between highlights and shadows, brings a sense of intensity and depth to an image with dramatic qualities, which is what Cindy Sherman has done with her lots of her work. The aperture is also slightly blurred and has a higher sensitivity ISO which causes a grainier image with a lighter grey monochrome tone rather than cool colours. This black and white tonal structure has a colder impression which displays a sense of loneliness and emptiness in the image. The use of shadow and light in the Untitled Film Stills, heightens mood and tension, which isolates the subject within the frame. This dramatic lighting also helps to portray a specific genre of film such as drama, mystery or even horror. I think that Cindy Sherman’s use black and white photography is significant as it gives the images a sense of timelessness and universality, which provides the aesthetic of classic cinema.

Visual:

Accompanied with the black and white colour, this staged cinematic scene has meaning to it within its 2D format. The image has a woman as the central figure in the middle of the image with a door behind her stood in the corner of a room. There is also coats and clothing hung up to the left of the woman which has a dark black colour which attracts the viewers eyes towards the middle of the photograph, right next to the characters face. The photograph has a portrait angle which has been cropped into a tight famed rectangle shape. This framing of the images creates a cinematic feel to the photo and Her work mimics a multitude of low-budget narratives of different characters from 1950s-1960s television. Having settings such as homes, bedrooms, kitchens or streets conveys the message of domestic housewives living stereotypical lifestyles. The characters Cindy Sherman portrays are also seen as mid motion and candid to give a ‘frozen-in-time’ impression, this adds to the mystery and explains the deliberately vague stories that are without a clear plot. This frozen moment in time makes the viewer question the context, time-period and situation the character may be in whilst the photo is being taken. This image has no clear narrative unless the photo is deeply looked at and questioned. After establishing her outfit and role, the viewer is able to create an assumption on what the woman’s purpose is and it is then established that this is a small section of a much larger story.

Contextual:

Cindy Sherman’s Untitled Film Stills includes contextual layers that address essential historical issues of gender, identity, and media representation. She created these photographs throughout 1977-80s, however they are based on the 1950/60s. During this period of the 70s, second-wave feminism was arising and women were beginning to challenge gender roles and opinions on women in media products were being raised as women began to question and challenge their portrayal and how they were being objectified and seen as an object to please the male gender. The “male gaze” refers to the way women are depicted in visual culture for males, Cindy Sherman chose to display her cultural and social concerns about the roles and representations of women in tv, cinema and media products. This work is technically ‘mocking’ the media as the series of images contains a female subject that is both the object and the creator of her image. The roles she portrays are characters which may demonstrate a victim, an innocent woman or a seductress. This creates a way for Cindy Sherman to control the portrayal of female objectification as the turning the camera on herself to expose the true meaning behind these roles. In this image her portrayal of a working class woman can be seen by her outfit and demonstrates the time period this photo is alluding to and women’s’ role during this time.

Conceptual:

This photo explores the male gaze. As number 80 film stills, became iconic. Chose herself for the model. Washerwoman maid in a feminist move way to redirect the male gaze to show she was in charge. Her angry expression by looking over her shoulder at us to show she is ‘done‘ and wants to find an escape from her current position as a housewife or domestic worker and move onto bigger dreams. She is stood slightly hunched and is wearing an apron and a blouse which shows the viewer that she is lower class and is ‘insignificant’. She is mid- movement and has a slightly distracted expression on her face whilst not making direct eye-contact with the camera which demonstrates her vulnerability and distraction. The message from Cindy Sherman portrays the reality of a ‘happy housewife’ who is safe and content at home when in reality, they are lonely and struggling mentally. The lack of context to this images, causes the reader to assume and create their own interpretations on the photo. The vulnerability, beauty and individuality of the character makes the audience feel sorry for the woman and feel a sense of reflection and remorse for women during this period.

Introduction (250 words): Reflect on the origin of photography and describe in your own words the difference between the two photographic processes, Daguerreotype and Calotype. Consider how they could be viewed as either a mirror or a window of the world according to John Szarkowski’s thesis. Choose one quote from Szarkowski’s text and comment if you agree or disagree.

Read John Szarkowski’s introduction and review by Jed Pearl- and select 3 quotes form each that is relevant to your essay

• –“Is it a mirror reflecting a portrait of the artist who made it, or a window, through which one might better know the world”.

Select two images, one that represent a mirror and another that represents a window as examples to use in your essay.

Use some of the key words that you listed above to describe what the mirrors and windows suggest.

My Top 3 Quotes:

1. “The photograph is seen either as a mirror- a romantic expression of the photographers sensibility as it projects itself onto the things and sights of this world; or as a window- through which the exterior world is explored in all its presence and reality”

Paragraph 1 (250 words): Choose an image that in your view is a mirror and analyse how it is a subjective expression and staged approach to image-making. Choose one quote from Szarkowski’s thesis and another from Jed Pearl’s review which either supports of opposes Szarkowski’s original point of view. Make sure you comment to advance argumentation in providing a critical perspective.

Paragraph 2 (250 words): Choose an image that in your view is a window and analyse how it is an objective expression rooted in a sense of realism. Choose one quote from Szarkowski’s thesis and another from Jed Pearl’s review and follow similar procedure as above ie. two opposing points of view and commentary to provide a critical perspective.

Conclusion (250 words): Refer back to the essay question and write a conclusion where you summarise Szarkowski’s theory and Pearl’s review of his thesis. Describe differences and similarities between the two images above and their opposing concepts of objectivity and subjectivity, realism and romanticism, factual and fiction, public and private.

Mirrors Photograph Idea.

Windows Photograph Idea.

What are the differences between photographs that are WINDOWS and MIRRORS.

Windows include perspectives and ‘show the world as it is’. They invite the person looking to view an outside experience. They also capture life from a distance and promote curiosity and wonder about ‘the outside’.

Mirrors incorporate a reflection which may show a persons mood, feelings and personality. It also portrays specific moments and experiences which reflects a persons identity or story through a mirror image.

Window photographs open up the world for exploration, while mirror photographs invite personal reflection and connection.

John Szarkowski

My favourite quote –“Is it a mirror reflecting a portrait of the artist who made it, or a window, through which one might better know the world”. This is saying that mirrors reflect the society we are in and can reflect a lot about us and how we do things. “Mirrors” are photographs through which a photographer is trying to tell us how he feels about himself. The study of texts that reflect their own identities, experiences and motivations. They also provide insight into the identities, experiences and motivations of others.

“A mirror – a romantic expression of the photographers sensibility as it projects itself on the things and sights of this world; or as a window- through which the exterior world is explored in all its presence and reality” – JOHN SZARKOSKI

The Mirror and Window Analogy.

“MIRRORS AND WINDOWS has been organised around Szarkowski’s thesis that such personal visions take one of two forms. In metaphorical terms, the photograph is seen either as a mirror – a romantic expression of the photographer’s sensibility as it projects itself on the things and sights of this world; or as a window – through which the exterior world is explored in all its presence and reality.”

Mirror Synonyms:

Looking glass, reflector, reflecting, surface, glass, reflect, repeat, match, reproduce, imitate, simulate, reiterate, follow, copy ,mimic ,echo, parallel, correspond to.

Key Words Associated with Mirrors-

Tableaux, subjective, romanticism, fiction, staged, personal, reflective, internal, manipulated.

Window Synonym:

Casement, opening, aperture.

Key Words Associated with Windows-

Documentary, objective, realism, candid, public, external, truthful, straight, optical, views.

Binary Oppositions.

Mirrors- Windows

Subject- object

Inside- outside

Studio- Street

Photo Analysis.

Mirror Image:

Mijanou and friends from Beverly Hills High School spending their Senior Beach Day at Will Rogers State Beach in Los Angeles. Mijanou won the title of “best physique” at Beverly Hills High.

Lauren Greenfield photographs acclaimed chroniclers of youth culture. These photographs reveal insight into the daily lives and rituals of women. Her photos range from extreme to more genuine photographs. She photographs girls of all ages from pre-schoolers to post-grads, with a multitude of different jobs. The thing I admire most about Lauren Greenfield’s work, is her exploration of the peer pressure, exploitation and sexualisation which women experience, and how it may effect their emotions of self-worth.

This photo demonstrates a girl who is not especially rich, but her friends are. The girl is dealing with the pressures of the world, and struggling with keeping up with it all. However, due to her beauty, she is able to enter the popular, higher class group of people. However, she believes in substance over beauty and did not want to be included only for her looks and instead for her personality. This creates a mirror in the image as the main character in the photograph is seeking more than what the eye can see. This photo is a mirror as…

1. Two people are looking at each other like a reflection. There is 2 cars next to each other and 3 people in each car.

2. It is also a mirror metaphorically as It is reflecting the girls place and feelings in the group as she is unfocused and shows the lifestyle of Los Angeles an how young people grow up quickly under the influence of Hollywood.

Window Image:

Child with a toy hand grenade in Central Park, N.Y.C.

Diane Arbus was an American photographer best known for her intimate black-and-white portraits.

This image of young Colin Wood, a skinny boy is stood in Central Park holding a toy grenade in his hand. is seen as ‘iconic’ as it shows the tension between childhood fun and violence, this photo is highly celebrated due to its historical attributes. This photo is a window into the boys life and also a window from childhood innocence and silliness, into adult danger, death and aggravation through war. America’s historic transition from isolationism of the 1950s to the turmoil that would emerge in the late 1960s and 1970s is portrayed in this image.

An iconic image that embodies the awkward tension between childhood tomfoolery and primal violence, this has become one of the most celebrated photographs in the history of the medium. America’s historic transition from the complacent isolationism of the 1950s to the socio-political turmoil that would emerge in the late 1960s and 1970s seems to seethe beneath the surface of this image, underscoring Arbus’ prescience and intuitive understanding of her time.

Portraiture and Lighting Techniques.

My first favourite topic we studied in November 2023 was lighting techniques in the studio. I particularly liked photographing people and my friends and then further editing whilst developing new skills on Adobe Lightroom.

• Rembrandt Lighting– Rembrandt lighting is characterized by an illuminated triangle under the eye of the person, particularly on the less illuminated side of the face. It’s a popular technique because it creates images that look both dramatic yet natural.

• Butterfly Lighting– Butterfly lighting is a lighting technique used by photographers where a light source such as a flash head is placed right above and ever so slightly in front ‘an exact 45-degree angle’ of the models face. This creates a small butterfly-shape made from a shadow under the nose. This technique is often used to make the model look thinner and their eyes look larger.

• Chiaroscuro Lighting– Chiaroscuro was a compositional device developed by Ugo da Carpi, however high renaissance artists Leonardo da Vinci was found out to have also helped to ‘pioneer’ the creation of Chiaroscuro lighting. Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which means “light-dark” in Italian. The theory of Chiaroscuro is that it is always best achieved by the effect of light falling on the model/ subject however it must also allow the shade to give two-dimensional figures a sense of volume.

This method of photography also helped me gain knowledge on tools used during photographs which I did not know were necessary. these photography tools called ‘reflectors‘ help to redirect light onto my model, I must remember that it does not It doesn’t create any light but it will move and redirect light that is created by a flash head create fill light and lessen shadows.

Portraiture and Experimenting with Colour.

During this topic particularly enjoyed using different models and using a honeycomb head and a snout head on the lights. I had one person standing next to the lights and holding the coloured gels. I wanted this person to be interchanging with multiple colours such as pink, purple, red, blue, yellow, white and green. I loved experimenting and having my models use different expressions and facial expressions to display their emotions. I wanted my photos to convey a sense of ‘false identity’ and mystery as they could possibly show the persons real ‘self’ or ‘story’.

This project also then extending my editing skills on Adobe Photoshop, as I experimented with different layering and colours to create a picture. I really enjoyed working with brightness opacity and colour settings to create optical illusions through my images. I really like this double exposure effect for my photos and I think it helps improve their meaning behind it.

Edits:

Experimenting with colour has helped me when doing the editing process of my images and how these different colours can reflect different moods and emotions in a piece of work through the characters.

Romanticism and The Sublime.

I really enjoyed researching and learning more about the history behind Romanticism and The Sublime, however I slightly struggled with the concept of creating photos to convey the concept of these eras in photography and art.

Romanticism– An artistic and intellectual movement which originated in Europe. Artists have been painting the landscape since ancient times. Wall paintings of landscapes were also created by the Greeks and the Romans. After the Roman Empire, people temporarily stopped appreciating pure landscapes and the landscapes were seen only as a setting for religion. This carried on until around the 16th century, then artists began to truly appreciate landscape as an important subject. Landscape first became popular in The Netherlands and people began to use it for painting, this worked perfectly for middle class protestants seeking art for their homes and wanting unique pieces of artwork.

The sublime–  A combination of the internal/emotional and the external/natural world. It explores how humans allow our emotions to overwhelm our rationality as we experience the wonder of creation. It can also be described as the quality of greatness in multiple ways such as physically, morally, intellectually, metaphysically, aesthetically, spiritually and artistically. The term especially refers to a ‘greatness beyond all possibility’ of calculation, measurement, or imitation.’

My Mood Board.

Femininity and Masculinity.

Overall, I believe my favourite subject we have studied in photography was Femininity and Masculinity. This is due to the fact It is a fascinating topic for me and I really enjoyed researching different artists and photographers who dedicate their career to these themes and topics amongst gender and identity. For example:

Cindy Sherman:

This photographer takes the topic of Feminism and how women are domesticated. Her work on ‘Untitled Film Stills‘ particularly influenced me to attempt to replicate some of her photos for myself. These images encapsulate the images of femininity that, through the media culture of movies, had a hold on America’s collective imagination at the time.

My Mood Board.

Edits:

Femininity and masculinity, self-expression, gender stereotypes and identity is a subject I would like to revolve my personal study around. Due to the fact I have learnt lots about Cindy Sherman, Identity politics and culture wars. I believe this will help me to convey my ideas and portray the message I am attempting to create. I really enjoyed using historical context to produce a photoshoot that looks like its from the past.

The origin of photography originated in 1822 where Nicéphore Niepce created a photography technique named heliography. Since this phenomenon, multiple interpretations of photography have also been discovered. Such as the process of the Daguerreotype created by Louis Daguerre, is created after capturing the image exposing it to mercury vapor which brings the visible image to life. There was also another significant photographic process in history named the Calotype created by Henry Fox Talbert. The Calotypes is a negative-positive process which is also known as the ‘paper negatives’, created by using different light sensitive chemicals and salts such as silver nitrate and silver chloride. These Calotypes differed from the Daguerreotypes due to people in the photos looking ‘on the edge of being present’ and seen as looking not quite alive due to a low sharpness and graininess, this caused a loss of fine detail. Whereas Daguerreotypes being very detailed and clear, making them stand out amongst other images. I believe that Daguerreotypes represent ‘mirrors’ in a multitude of ways. This is due to the fact the images produced by Louis Daguerre are very reflective and change when exposed to different angles of view. This is very well symbolized through the sharply defined one-of-a-kind photographs on silver-coated copper plates. They are also usually packaged behind glass and kept in protective cases like a mirror is. I also believe Calotypes signify windows as these images were mainly popular due to the fact they captured a moment in time, this relates to windows as whilst looking through a window you are witnessing a moment in time that will never occur again. Like the camera viewfinder, windows frame our view of the world. We see through them and light enters the window so that we can see beyond. This idea is supported through the quote “The photograph is seen either as a mirror- a romantic expression of the photographers sensibility as it projects itself onto the things and sights of this world; or as a window- through which the exterior world is explored in all its presence and reality” ¹ I believe there is a direct contrast within the concept of windows and mirrors due to the fact tableau focuses more on picturesque or dramatic effect and appear absorbed whereas documentary photography focuses more on straightforward and accurate representation through reality not fantasy. 

Paragraph 1

This image is a mirror due to the framework and people posing that have been used to produce it. This photo demonstrates a girl who is not especially rich, but her friends are. The girl is dealing with the pressures of the world and struggling with keeping up with it all. However, due to her beauty, she is able to enter the popular, higher-class group of people. However, she believes in substance over beauty and did not want to be included only for her looks and instead for her personality. This photo creates a mirror in the image as the main character in the photograph is seeking more than what the eye can see. This also demonstrates tableau photography as the models are arranged in a certain way to create a dramatic effect on the viewer, simply by posing and displaying in a potential stage-like setting. The photographer Laura Greenfield photographs acclaimed chroniclers of youth culture. These photographs reveal insight into the daily lives and rituals of women. Her photos range from extreme to more genuine photographs. She photographs girls of all ages from pre-schoolers to post-grads, with a multitude of different jobs. The thing I admire most about Lauren Greenfield’s work, is her exploration of the peer pressure, exploitation and sexualization which women experience, and how it may affect their emotions of self-worth, these themes can also be reflected through tableau photography. This topic she explores is clearly demonstrated through her photographs due to the specific scenes she chooses which show the hardships women face throughout life. I chose this photograph especially as it portrays a mirror metaphorically as it is reflecting the females place and feelings in the group as she is displaying how young people grow up quickly under the influence of Hollywood. A quote from John states “the difference between the thing that is shown in a photograph or the subject of the photograph and the photograph is the actuality in the acceptance of fact by the photographer”² this quote particularly inspires me as it reinforces the idea that the photograph might be more important than the thing itself and how every person interprets a photograph differently. This relates to a photo being a window as the image will act metaphorically as a window for the viewer to look through and create an opinion on it immediately.

Paragraph 2

This image demonstrates a ‘Window’ due to the fact it demonstrates an objective expression of darkness, sombre and danger rooted in a sense of realism. The slum in which it was photographed is named ‘The Bend’ which is known well for being filled with abuse and murder being a casual everyday occurrence. After viewing this photo, the viewer automatically feels a sense of uncomfortable and uneasy feelings as the ‘gang’ portrayed in the photo looks eerily at the camera leaning on curbs and stairs, having a not-so-welcome atmosphere. The photo also includes a woman with her child, leaning out the window, this makes the photograph even more sinister and unsettling as the idea of innocent and helpless people may face the idea of being killed due to it being a common occurrence in this area. This creates a ‘Window’ or documentary style photograph as the viewer can easily see through the photograph a sense of poverty and desperation for safety and security whilst also revealing the terror and the sorrowful lifestyle of urban immigrants facing the Mulberry Street ‘bandits’.  John Szarkowski’s words “A window is a device that invites the outside world in” ⁴, explain how windows serve as both literal and metaphorical frames in photography. This also explores how windows connect the interior world with the exterior world. This idea of ‘Windows’ through photography explores photography allowing observation and interaction with the outside environment through a picture. This relates to Bandits’ Roost as the camera lens with a slight vignette style, accompanied with the harsh light and ‘haphazard’ compositions convey the chaos of living in poverty.” 

Conclusion.

In conclusion, both of my chosen images represent the way photographs can be both ‘mirrors’ and ‘windows’ of the world as they represent human experiences and viewpoint of the world and how they are affected by issues. John Szarkowski’s theory of photography as a reflection of the Photographer’s Inner world and being a window onto the world overall, continues to create an impact and shape multiples opinions on understanding the variety of ways in which photography can engage with both the world and the self. Although Pearl might highlight the limitations of Szarkowski’s approach, he also highlights how the rise of digital photography has changed images as photos can be manipulated, layered and changed due to how images are created and consumed in the modern day. Although both of my chosen images demonstrate the ideology of ‘windows’ and ‘mirrors’ effectively, I believe the second photograph, (Bandits’ Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street- Artist Jacob Riis) which portrays a well- known neighborhood famous for poverty, crime, and overcrowding, is a stronger demonstration of the metaphorical term ‘window’. The photograph demonstrates a powerful statement about the need for urban reform. This use of displaying the harshest of conditions serves as a tool for social justice, by documenting these conditions as an advocate for change. Although the first image ( Mijanou and Friends- Laura Greenfield) also demonstrates a powerful message of women’s’ lives and how they differ from men’s, I believe Bandits’ Roost conveys a more ‘real’ message as It captures a moment of social reality without any sense staging or preparation compared to tableau photography, I like how it is an example of pure documentary realism.  

Footnotes.

1. Mijanou and Friends from Beverly Hills High School on Senior Beach Day, Will Rogers State Beach | Cleveland Museum of Art ↩︎
2. The Thing Itself | COMD2330_Digital_Photography_spring16 ↩︎
3. Documentary Photography Movement Overview | TheArtStory ↩︎
4. John Szarkowski | MoMA ↩︎

Based on the theme of ‘OBSERVE, SEEK, CHALLENGE’

3 images that are documenting reality – ‘windows of the world’

 3 images that are staging reality – ‘mirrors of the world’.

A window is a resource that offers you a view into someone else’s experience. A sliding door allows the viewer to enter the story and become a part of the world. A mirror is a story that reflects your own culture and helps you build your identity.

Documentary– Windows

Realism-A way of thinking and acting based on facts and what is possible, rather than on hopes for things that are unlikely to happen.

Factual-Something that is factual is concerned with facts or contains facts, rather than giving theories or personal interpretations. 

Public– Public means relating to all the people in a country or community

Candid-. free from reservation, disguise, or subterfuge; straightforward.

Ewen Spencer

Ewan Spencer’s work is primarily of youth and subcultures which I find fascinating and appropriate for my age group. His work started as he photographed shows from their first UK tour onwards, including candid backstage photographs. He has now mostly moved to capturing the ‘grime’ music scene in London. I like how how much these photos are rich in detail and almost make the viewer feel like they are there at the scene. Although I would like my photos to differ slightly as they display the mayhem and emotions that you feel in that scene by using a longer exposure to show more blurry and hazy pictures which make the viewer feel more 1st person as if they are there amongst all the people.

Tableaux– Mirrors

Romanticism– Romantics celebrated the spontaneity, imagination, and the purity of nature. Along with these elements it also incorporated a deep feeling of emotion as an authentic source of experience which put new emphasis on emotions such as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.

Fiction– A fiction is a deliberately fabricated account of something. It can also be a literary work based on imagination rather than on fact, like a novel or short story. 

Staged– Contrived for a desired impression. It was a staged, rather than spontaneous, demonstration of affection. Something that has been ‘set up’ manually to create a certain message.

Sarah Jones

I have been particularly drawn to the work of Sarah Jones due to the fact she focuses on topics such as art history, as psychoanalysis, adolescence, and the Victorian period. This interests me as It is easy to replicate myself around the topic of adolescence, loneliness and confusing surrounding he topic of ‘growing up‘. Jones enjoys photography for its capability to scrutinize something, freezing a moment to look more closely at it. Her work is also Jones’ images are narrative in nature, and she is interested in how a narrative is constructed. I also would like to take into consideration, the format in which Sarah Jones photographs. By using the square format of a standard 150 x 150 cm, this makes this photos unique as they are a specific shape and size.

I also like this aspect to her photography and I think I would enjoy attempting to replicate these photographs. I would put them into this black and white format.

Editing Practice.

In Adobe Lightroom, I have experimented with black and white editing, whilst having a beige/yellow tint to it, In case I decide this is the approach I would like to take when editing my photos. This has helped me to develop my skills when editing. However, I think the photoshoot I may go with is the Sarah Jones work on adolescence and identity as I feel this is easier to convey a story through my work.

Be creative and use this opportunity to experiment with ideas or approaches to image-making that you might want to extend further in your Personal Study. The expectation is that you make a set of images during the lesson using the school environment (inside or outside) creatively. The photographic studio is also available where you can explore different ideas using different lighting techniques…Rembrandt lighting…Butterfly lighting…Chiaroscuro…reflected light…coloured gels etc.

Photoshoot 1 Planning–

I would like my two female models to pose in similar poses and I would like to do a photoshoot that gives a feeling of darkness and miserableness as this is the feeling I feel Sarah Jones’ work conveys. For this I am choosing my two friends to pose in settings such as bedrooms, living rooms and bathrooms around my house. I want my photos to differ from Sarah’s work slightly and I want them to be less bright and eye-catching, and more deep and meaningful through lighting.

I have chosen to have a blue tint to my photos as sadness has been associated with blue since the 1600s around the world.  blue represents sadness or melancholy, which is why I’ve chosen it to further portray my narrative and tell my story about isolation and loneliness.

For Example, In Van Gogh’s ‘Starry Night’ The main colour of blue helps to show the intention of the picture of as the meaning can be derived from the large cypress tree which is a symbol of graveyards, mourning, and death. This helps to encapsulate the essence of human emotion and creativity. Van Gogh used the different blues in the sky to show his emotion. I found this information from the quote ‘The vibrant blues are a common colour during his bouts of mental illness.’

Photoshoot 2 Planning–