The Daily Mail	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
The i	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
Letter to the Free	Media Language Media Representations	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
Ghost Town	Media Language Media Representations	Historical, social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
Score	Media Language Media Representations	Historical, social, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
That Boss Life	Media Language Media Representations	Social, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
War of the Worlds	Media Industries Media Audiences	Historical, social, political, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
Newsbeat	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
Blinded by the Light	Media Industries	Social, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B

Capital	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 2
Deutschland 83	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 2
Teen Vogue	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 2
The Voice	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 2
Metroid: Prime 2 Echoes	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 2
Tomb Raider Anniversary	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Cultural	Paper 2
The Sims Freeplay	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 2
Men’s Health	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 2
Oh Comely	Media Language Media Representations Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 2

• Sign – Anything that can convey meaning (e.g Road signs indicate/convey/mean danger)
• Signifier– Means / connotations to something else (the signified) e.g image or facial expression
• Signified– The thing that the signifier mean / is relating to
• Index – Describes the connection between signifier and signified
• Ideology – Set of opinions or beliefs (e.g Religion)
• Syntagym – Group of symbols / signs that form meaning when together
• Signification – the representation or conveying of meaning
• Dominant signifier – any material thing that signifies
• Icon – a sign that looks like its object
• Code – symbolic tools used to create meaning
• Symbol – anything that can be used to represent something else
• Anchorage – words with an image to provide context
• Denotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests
• Connotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, contrasting the feelings/ideas that the word suggests
• Myth – a widely held but false belief or idea
• Paradigm – a collection of signs that are related
• Convention – a way in which something is usually done

• Tomb Raider
• Metroid
• Sims Freeplay

• Maybelline
• Score

• No Offence
• The Killing

• Newsbeat
• War of the Worlds

• The Daily Mail
• The i

• Men’s Health
• Oh Comely

• Teen Vogue
• The Voice

• Ghost Town
• Letter to the Free

Blinded by the Light

semiotics –

sign = something that can stand for something else

signifier = the item of code we read

dominant signifier = the main sign in a picture, audiences eye is drawn towards

signified = A concept that is portrayed then interpreted by the audience

dominant signifier = the main sign in a picture, audiences eye is drawn towards

icon = the thing that is being represented

index = shows evidence of what is being represented

code = the system of signs that create meanings

symbol = something that can stand for something else

ideology = a body of ideas or set of beliefs that people have regarding different technologies

anchorage = words that accompany a sign and help to provide context and meaning associated with the sign

syntagym = a sequence of signs that work together to create meaning

paradigm = a set of signs that work together to create meaning

ROLAND BARTHES :

signification: the representation or conveying of media

denotation: the literal meaning of the sign

connotation: the inferred or representational meaning of the sign

myths: Something that is made up in cultural or political context

propps character types:

Stock characters

The villain

The donor

The helper

The princess

The dispatcher

The hero

The false hero

Narratology

Narrative Codes =

Narration =

Diegesis =

Quest narrative =

‘Character types’ =

Causality =

Plot =

Master plot =

Neale–

Genre

Repetition and difference

sub genres / genre hybridisation

Strauss–

Binary oppositions

encoding / decoding

Todorov–

Narrative theory

3 Part structure: Equilibrium, Disruption, New Equilibrium

plot / sub plot

ideological meanings – power of stories lie in deeper meaning

flexi narratives

CSP –

Video games

Tomb raider anniversary

Metroid

Sims free play

Advertisements

Maybelline: that boss life – social, cultural

score – historical

film

Blinded by the light

music videos

Ghost town – historical, social, political, economic, cultural

letter the free – social, political, economic, cultural

Television

No offence

The killing

Radio

Newsbeat – social, cultural

War of the worlds – historical, social, cultural

Newspaper

The daily mail – social, political, economic, cultural

The I – social, political, economic, cultural

Magazine

Men’s health

oh comely

Websites

Teen vogue

The voice

media representation

Gauntlett:

identify: constructed, fluidity, negotiated, collective

Heternormativity

Butler:

Gender as performance

Distinction: sex / gender

repeated acts

post modernism :

pastiche

bricolage

intertextuality

implosion

uses of gratification

most uses and gratifications theorists argue that audiences are active consumers of media texts – selecting products that help fulfil a range of predefined needs.

uses and gratifications theorists suggest audiences are highly aware that they are selecting products that provide those experiences

social needs: using the media to strengthen family bonds or to cultivate friendships in the real world. Media texts might be used, for example, as discussion talking points

David hesmondhalgh

Hesmondhalgh has written extensively about the constant tension between shareholders and creatives in the cultural industries

H

Laura Mulvey

Influential 1975 essay, visual pleasure and narrative cinema, further scrutinised the contrast between ‘passive / female ‘ and ‘active/male’ reflected on screen and wrote of a world ‘ordered by sexual imbalance’ it is important to continue to scrutinise films through a feminist lens, in order to identify the sometimes more subtly negative and disappointing portrayals of women in film

ghost town

‘The political / social context of the song didn’t really materialise until the brixton / toxteth / handsworth riots in July 1981 by which time the song was No.1 in the singles chart’

Media representation and media language, The mise – en – scene and cinematography are crucial to the mood evoked in the video.

the use of twilight and dawn to help to create an uneasy hinterland between night and day and when the dark has really fallen later in the video.

Judith butler feminist theorists

Judith Butler, author of gender trouble, argues that to assume a none heteronormative identify is incredibly difficult because heteronormative ideals are so deeply embedded in our culture

Butler argues that dominant narratives about what being a women is like come to appear ‘natural’ or ‘common sense’ through their repetition in the media

Livingstone and Lunt

livingstone and lunt outlines as the UKs consumer-oriented regulatory approach – an approach that places decisions regarding the consumption of difficult content in the hands of the audiences

The reluctance by successive goverments to introduce a harder regulatory approach , Livingstone and Lunt tells us, has been given

CSP	Genre		Link
Tomb raider	Video game	Media audiences Media representation	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2021/10/22/tomb-raider-analysis/
Sims freeplay	Video game	Media audiences Media representation Media industries	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2023/01/25/sims-freeplay-csp-2/
Metroid	Video game	Media audiences Media representation
The i	Newspaper	Media industries Media audiences
Daily mail	Newspaper	Media industries Media audiences
War of the worlds	Radio	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/11/08/war-of-the-worlds-4/
Newsbeat	Radio	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/11/03/newsbeat/
Mens health	Magazine	Media representation Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/10/05/mens-health-3/
Oh comely	Magazine	Media representation Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/10/14/csp-oh-comely/
No offence	Television	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/03/17/the-killing-and-no-offense/
The killing	Television	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/03/17/the-killing-and-no-offense/
Ghost town	Music video	Media audiences Media representations	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/02/01/ghostown/
Letter to the free	Music video	Media audiences Media representations	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/03/09/common-2/
The voice	Website	Media audiences Media industries Media representations	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2023/02/02/the-voice-csp-2/
Teen vogue	Website	Media audiences Media industries Media representations	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2023/01/23/csp-teen-vogue-8/
Maybelline	Advert	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2021/11/12/maybelline-9/
Score	Advert	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2021/11/12/csp-3-score-3/
Blinded by the light	Film	Media industries Media audiences	https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/2022/01/11/blinded-by-the-light-15/

Letter to the Free	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
Ghost Town	Media Industries Media Audience	Historical, social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
Score	Media Industries Media Audiences	Historical, social, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
That Boss Life	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 1 Section A
Blinded by the light	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
Newsbeat	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
War of The Worlds	Media Industries Media Audiences	Historical, social, political, cultural	Paper 1 Section BPaper 1 Section B
The Daily Mail	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B
The i	Media Industries Media Audiences	Social, political, economic, cultural	Paper 1 Section B

• Sign – Anything that can convey meaning (e.g Road signs indicate/convey/mean danger)
• Signifier- Means / connotations to something else (the signified) e.g image or facial expression
• Signified- The thing that the signifier mean / is relating to
• Index – Describes the connection between signifier and signified
• Ideology – Set of opinions or beliefs (e.g Religion)
• Syntagm – Group of symbols / signs that form meaning when together

CSP’S – https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/wp-content/uploads/sites/58/2022/04/2023-A-level-Media-Studies-Close-Study-Products-v1.5.pdf

Semiotics:

• Sign – an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else
• Signifier – a sign’s physical form (such as a sound, printed word, or image) as distinct from its meaning
• Signified – the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed
• Signification – the representation or conveying of meaning
• Dominant signifier – any material thing that signifies
• Icon – a sign that looks like its object
• Index – a sign or measure of something e.g smoke is an index of fire
• Code – symbolic tools used to create meaning
• Symbol – anything that can be used to represent something else
• Anchorage – words with an image to provide context
• Denotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests
• Connotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, contrasting the feelings/ideas that the word suggests
• Myth – a widely held but false belief or idea
• Ideology – the science of ideas; the study of their origin
• Paradigm – a collection of signs that are related
• Convention – a way in which something is usually done
• Syntagm – an orderly combination of interacting signifiers which forms a meaningful whole 

Propps character types:

• The villain
• The donor
• The helper
• The princess
• The dispatcher
• The hero
• The false hero

• Equilibrium – where everything is balanced, progress as something comes along to disrupt that equilibrium, and finally reach a resolution, when equilibrium is restored
• Sub-genre – a smaller and more specific genre within a broader genre
• Hybridity – is a methodology of viewing the world in a comprehensive, dynamic and dialectical view that acknowledge the heterogeneous nature of world or phenomenon
• Hegemony – the dominance of certain aspects of life and thought by the penetration of a dominant culture and its values into social life

Theory of Semiotics

Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, C S Pierce (1916)

study of signs and symbols

Semiotics in the media doesn’t necessarily require an obvious sign. For example, it could be a camera angle, colour, background or print type. It is anything that can initiate a call to action.

They carefully select what they put in their messages — objects, images, words, sounds, even color — while taking into account the signifying value of each.