1. good acting
2. good characters
3. an interesting plot
4. well-written screenplay
5. consistent themes

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting

Broadcasting – communicating with a large audience
Narrowcasting – communicating with a niche audience

The Ethos of the BBC

“to inform, entertain and educate“

Populism and Paternalism

Populism – giving people what they enjoy, even if it is harmful
Paternalism – advising people what is best, even if it is distasteful

Transformation of the Public Sphere

The transformation of time and space allows a connection between people and places worldwide

Jean Seaton

“public service regulation has secured the survival of a successful broadcasting industry, one which has become more significant economically and which has become an important exporter of programmes while continuing to discuss and mould national issues” – p341

“broadcasting in Britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good” – p342

“successive reports developed the idea of broadcasting as a public service – catering for all sections of the community, reaching all parts of the country regardless of cost, seeking to educate, inform and improve, and prepared to lead public opinion rather than follow it.” – p343

“The media landscape has fallen under the control of a handful of global media conglomerates.” – p125

“profit driven motives take precedence.”

Broadcasting is the dissemination of information across a more global audience whereas narrowcasting is across a more narrow/smaller audience

Is Press Quality Television?
1.Well acted
2.Coherent Story
3.Well edited to keep the shows mood and tempo/flow/pace
4.Good cinematography
5.Good lighting
6.Well structured

Populism is creating/shaping something around what people want whereas Paternalism is creating/shaping something around what people should have

The BBC ethos is to Inform, Educate and Entertain
The BBC charter is how they follow this ethos
They go against populism and have a more paternalistic approach to what they create.

People were concerned about the new technologies and what they would do.

Grace Wyndham Goldie – Television “transforms time and space”
Habermas – Transforms the public sphere

People feared and mistrusted this new technology

BBC acted like a “social cement”

Press Quality television?
– Well acted.
– Well written.
– Professional editing that fits the genre.
– Good Cinematography
– Good Storyline
– Good lighting

Broadcasting:
Communicating with lots of people.

Narrowcasting:
Communicating with niche audiences.

Populism is creating something from what people want, whereas paternalism is creating something from what people should have.

BBC charter how they follow the ethos
BBC ethos – inform and educate
They don’t do what the people want, but inform them on what they should do with regulation, on phones there is no regulation.

The people were concerned with new technologies.
lord Reith didn’t even know what a broadcast was.
Radio and television would be the most influential tool ever used.
its the transformation of the public sphere>

Reith had a fear of the new technology television.

1. Quality of acting
2. Escapism
3. Good script
4. Good plot twists
5. Interesting characters
6. Good representation of media
7. Suspenseful
8. Explores real life issues
9. Inflectional
10. Cinematography

Broadcasting – Presenting something to a wider larger audience with common intrestst

Narrowcasting – Presenting something is a lesser audience with a more specific intrest

what is the ethos of the BBC – The public service ethos of the BBC to inform, entertain and educate

what’s the distinction between populism and paternalism

BBC ethos – to inform, entertain and educate

Populism – what the audience want – freedom

Paternalism – what the government want – regulation

bbc charter – signed each year

Grace whyndham goldie,

lord reith

notes from seaton :

in 1982 the hunt report on the introduction of cable television could begin to modify the principles of balance and quality even further

broadcasting in Britan in the past has a considerable degree of autonomy from other institutions, it has not in any simple sense been biased.

Qualitative data analysis

1. The acting was very realistic
2. Noam Chomsky links with press as all languages hold similar structures which highlights the insights into inequality and power.
3. Lazarfeld links with press as ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders. Making decisions.
4. Flowed quite well and talks about the difficulties on propaganda when someone else takes your story.
5. Characters were on point and they fit the theme very well.

Broadcasting – It is communicating with many audiences

Narrowcasting – It is communicating with small audiences (niche)

What is the ethos of the BBC?

They are their to inform and to entertain.

what is the distinction of populism and Paternalism?

Populism is what the audience want and Paternalism is what the government want.

Populism is good in the way they offer pleasure but can be presented to be in the negative side as they won’t stop and could lead to regulation.

Paternalism is good to allow audiences to stop asking for what makes the enjoy and allows them only certain amount of freedom and it intends to promote their own good, however many people can go against it and the will of a person so it represents the behaviours of others of society.

BBC charter, BBC ethos, Lord Reith

The start of BBC Television 14:00 – 16:00 Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space. 100 years ago people would be surprised to hear other people in another space and many people believe it can be like a miracle as they don’t have what we have nowadays. Habermas talks about transforming the world and transforming the sphere.

Fear of new technology – People have a fear that they don’t know if it is good or not.

 acting like ‘social cement’ – as it connected us all together.

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere

the transformation of time and space, the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives, the link between individuals and celebrities, royalty, politicians etc, the connection towards major events – Cup Finals, Coronations, abdications, funerals, economic unrest etc, the way in which BBC acts as ‘social cement’

Broadcasting and the theory of public service

Air waves is a resource that did not obey national boundaries. The state then was obliged to take control of the right to broadcast in all societies.

Accountability and broadcasting

The governors have remained relatively powerless, and do not see their job as one of representing external interests and views.

Independent professionals or men with an interest?

Broadcasting is a process which cannot be entirely understood from its products. The and Annan Report claimed that ‘good broadcasting would reflect the competing demands of a society which was increasingly multi-racial and pluralist’. In turn, this variety could be secured only by giving the talented broadcasters greater freedom of expression. Freedom of expression gives special rights and duties to the media. The media inform society on matters of public interest and create an important platform for public debate

Katz theory of uses and gratification:

-escapism.

-education: about media production and real life industries.

-good acting.

-good script.

-good plot twists and narratives.

-Character development.

-explores content such as affairs/ real life issues.

-Good hybrid genre: social realism.

Broadcasting: Presenting something to a wider larger audience, common interest.

Narrowcasting: Presenting something to a lesser audience- specific interest.

Ethos of the bbc: to inform entertain and educate

Populism : What the audience want: good- freedom, bad- not all want the same, moral code and regulation

Paternalism: What the government want.

The main thing is to have a balance of the two ideologies , with having freedom to do what you want however with a few rules and regulations to help focus or protect younger or more venerable audiences that can come across something unregulated.

BBC ethos: to educate, inform and entertain. – lord Reith

bbc charter- signed each year

TV transformed time and space, Grace Windom Godley explained that she went into tv after her newspaper manager expressed not to as new technology was seen to the public as not to be useful in her or his lifetime. More so the fear of new technology risked the success of new technology.

Contact with anything outside of their villages would have been negligible, therefore tv transformed this and she expressed you can see things from a distance, transformation of the public sphere link (Habermas)

The BBC later on became so important it was considered social cement as it connected everyone together and spread things around the world.

JEAN SEATEN:

Full independence through broadcasting has never been reached as it is two powerful to display over broadcasting, they can negotiate a political discussion without having a bias to a side.

Broadcasters have come to see the state as their enemy yet depend on the state for legitimation. They are being kept running by the state yet can not express their independence via broadcasting as they will be flacked (Chomsky link) and need to keep a “foreground bias” which has ultimately been skewed.

Air waves were a scarce resource that didn’t obey national boundaries therefore the state had a right to have some power of what was presented through them and regulate to their political viewpoint.

1. It uses Steve Neale’s genre theory whereby its a hybrid theory of Social Realism
2. Its well acted
3. use professional editing to create a mood that fits in with the genre and keeping the flow
4. Uses good cinematography
5. Uses a good story
6. Structured in a way where its easy to watch.

Broadcasting – For all
Narrow Casting – Niche

Populism – What people want to do / see
Paternalism – What people need to see

The BBC ethos – to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which ​inform, educate​ and ​entertain​.

The BBC created space and time through the pips with a universal time being agreed one, whereas before media there was no way to connect each other so you couldn’t agree on one time which uses Habermas’s theory.

PSB – Jean Seaton

How it started – Public service, proved as creative commercially as it was innovative culturally.

Restriction – Until the 1980s, broadcasting in Britain was not fettered.

Interest – Broadcasters often failed to perceive public interest and been too acquiescent to political pressure

Enemy – Broadcasters have come to see the state as their enemy

Middle Ground – The ‘middle ground’ has now broken down because of things like reliance of professional broadcasters, or because of erosion of public service broadcasting.

Balance – Broadcasting is no longer balanced. Abandoned the idea of ‘public service’ and susceptible to bias.

Curran argues that media could be mass produced by those who could afford the expensive start-up costs.

Habermas- bbc/media links in with new technology within the public sphere. Broadcasts to a wider range of people.

Seaton states– ‘ I am free to say anything i want to say except the one thing i want to say then i am not free, in broadcasting a single prohibitation imposed on a national broadcasting authority or within tends to corrode the whole output.- independance.

Standards for quality programming

qualitative elements

• Believable acting
• Seamless editing
• quality camerawork/angles/shots
• good lighting and sound quality
• believable and relevant ‘mis-en-scene’ elements/setting/costume etc
• Followable storyline/plot and something that is also unpredictable
• professional marketing

Broadcasting– producers target a wider, mass audience

Narrowcasting– producers target a niche audience

THE BBC

• Founded in 1992
• Started with radio [tv came later]
• Lord Reith was the first director of the BBC
• His ethos [belief/mission statement] for the BBC had 3 main principles
  • Inform, educate and entertain
• To oversee due diligence and regulation, the UK government reviews a charter: to ensure the BBC stay inline
• The BBC took up the Paternalistic approach, rather than the Populism approach, meaning that they gave the audience what’s best for them, not just what the audience wanted.

• Grace Wyndham Goldie noting the most significant thing about broadcasting: that it changing time and space.
• New media communication technologies allows you to change time and space
• Fear other people have of new technologies, they think it will ruin everything or they think there is no use for it
• The BBC became social cement, British culture was centred around the BBC