←
Uncategorized

public service broadcasting

Leave a comment

Broadcasting- Large audience

Narrowcasting – Small audience

10 Key Elements – Press

  • Engaging, multiple layers to story
  • Realistic – things happened for reasons
  • Good camera work- clear shots, good lighting, interesting shots
  • Definite target audience
  • Allow you to form emotional connection -by showing characters in vulnerable situations
  • Political components – Herald Left wing, Post Right Wing

Populism– political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism– the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

Frankfurt School– German school of social theory, guy believed free time should be used to better yourself instead of distracting/ entertaining yourself

  • What was once unseen to many due to different geographical locations could now be witnessed by many people due to television
  • Radio meant that people in other countries could hear other people/ cultures for the first time
  • Also meant that issues that were once unseen by majority were brought into public sphere

Broadcasting and the theory of public service

  • British broadcasting was started as a public service
  • Growth of public broadcasting was financed by license fee and advertisements
  • BBC created the image/idea that viewers became participants in their nations affairs
Radio, Television

public service broadcasting

Leave a comment

Broadcasting

Broad- to a mass audience

Narrow- to a smaller audience/niche audience

Key elements of quality broadcasting:

Sound

Lighting

Camera

Storyline

Acting quality

Does it intrigue the audience?

Editing

Character

Props

Emotional conection

hidden message

BBC charter: a royal charter setting out the arrangements for the governance of the British Broadcasting Corporation. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. Also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate.

Populism: No limits. what they want. Refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite“. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.

Paternalism: Against what they want. an action that limits a person’s or group’s liberty and is intended to promote their own good. Paternalism can also imply that the behaviour is against or regardless of the will of a person, or also that the behaviour expresses an attitude of superiority.

  • Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere
  • Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting
  • James Curran – Power and Responsibility
  • Sonia Livingston – regulation of media organisations
  • Noam Chomsky – manufacturing consent

Lord Reith- His founding principles is still the framework and ethos for the bbc.

The BBC is like social cement that connected us all together. We’re now less connected and more fragmented.

1922- First BBC radio station launched

1933- First woman announcer- Sheila Borrett

1944- D-day- Landings are broadcast on June 6th

The Frankfurt School– They said that we should use our leisure time productively. The task of the Frankfurt School was sociological analysis and interpretation of the areas of social-relation that Marx did not discuss in the 19th century – especially the base and superstructure aspects of a capitalist society. Theodor Adorno- rejected a classical interpretation of Marxism as an economic determinist theory.The transformation of the public sphere

Media transforms the public sphere:

new technologies

The BBC is like a ‘social element’ without having to communicate back.

the BBC allows audience to listen from their home, transforming their space

transforms time and space

links between individuals and famous people/news/upcoming events

connections towards major events like wars/football/royalty weddings, coronations, funerals

Seaton and the BBC

Broadcasting and the theory of public service

“We consider such a potential power over public opinion and the life of the nation ought to remain with the state“

“the collapse if the principle of psb has been the deterioration in the relationship between the state and broadcasting institutions”

“Broadcasting needs to find a new relationship to the state and a new form of commitment to public service, and indeed a new definition of public service that will work in the conditions of increased populations”

“The significance of broadcasting independence is also disputed.”- one side suggests that independence is functional and the other argues that this independence poses a serious threat to political institutions.

Possible questions:

  1. How is the BBC regulated/controlled?
  2. How does new technologies affect the radio station?

What to include in the essay:

  1. Haesmondhalgh- risky business
  2. Newsbeat is broadcasted in central London
  3. Newsbeat was created by Telefís Éireann
  4. Newsbeat was launched on 10 September 1973
  5. Smaller details: Target audience= 15-29 year olds. Broadcasting time= 12:45 and 17:45 in 15 minute stints
  6. Funded through TV licence fee.

I understand…

I want to argue that newsbeat reflects popularity from the other BBC channels.

Radio, Television

Public Service Broadcasting

Leave a comment

Broadcasting is to a mass audience.

Narrowcasting is to a niche audience.

What can constitute a quality broadcast?

  • Acting – good ways of conveying situations and what is happening.
  • Lighting – makes characters and the scenes nice to look at.
  • Storyline – Engages the audience and grips them to find out more.
  • Camerawork – Allows the audience to see wat is going on from many different angles and perspectives.
  • Editing – How well the story and program flows from one scene/shot to another.
  • Sound – How the soud gives a sense of realism and makes you feel like that situation in the program actually happened.
  • Props – Help to promote a sense of realism.
  • Characters – Relatable characters will give he audience role models to look to.

The BBC Charter is a royal charter setting out the arrangements for the governance of the British Broadcasting Corporation. An accompanying agreement recognises its editorial independence and sets out its public obligations in detail.

BBC Ethos – To inform, entertain and educate.

Populism – a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism – The policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

Lord Reath was a key leader of the BBC when it first came around in the 1920s, and he didn’t even know what broadcasting was. His founding principles are still the framework and ethos of the BBC today.

29 million people watched the queen’s funeral – BBC remains the central point of our mediated life – social cement

Transformation of public sphere – Habermas – BBC can link public and private spheres.

James Curran – Power and Responsibility – BBC has a lot of power and control – must use it for the greater good.

The Frankfurt School talk about culture industries and how we need to use our leisure time productively instead of using it for mainly recreational entertainment. This was suggested by Theodore Adorno.

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere – BBC

  • The BBC allowed people from hundreds of miles away to experience other places in real time e.g Football Commentary
  • The BBC educate people on matters that they wouldn’t have otherwise been able to receive counsel for e.g “For Deaf Children” in 1955.

Jean Seaton – The Concept of Public Service Broadcasting

“Broadcasting in Britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good” – if you are going to be a part of a broadcast or help to bring one into fruition you would be expected to put the public’s interests, wellbeing and thought processes before anything else.

Uncategorized

public service broadcasting

Leave a comment

10 Key Elements of quality television:

  • Professional, convincing acting
  • Interesting characters with quality, interesting character development
  • Good editing to keep flow of the production professional and easy to understand
  • Good cinematography
  • Good lighting
  • Intriguing, well-written story and script
  • Unpredictable and unique
  • Memorable
  • Emotional connection
  • Captivating story line

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting

Broad – For everyone

Narrow – A niche target audience

BBC Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

  • Was radio during early stages
  • Made 1922
  • First director: Lord John Reith – set and made its ethos
  • He was an engineer
  • The ethos had 3 main principals : Educate, Entertain, Inform

Ethos of the BBC

  • “opening up new worlds to people” Cecil Lewis

Populism vs Paternalism

  • Populism: Giving people what want and enjoy. Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.
  • Paternalism: Giving the people something that other people believe is good for you. What people need.

Grace Wyndham Goldie

  • Particularly in the fields of politics and current affairs. During her career at the BBC, she was one of the few senior women in an establishment dominated by men.
  • Changing the nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space

BBC became social cement, British culture was centered around the BBC

Habermas, transformation of the public sphere

The public sphere is a realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.

BBC was a realm for communication and was the first instance where the public was involved and included in political debate as well as being able to further educate and inform themselves and it being a source for free entertainment, allowed this massive transformation of the public sphere to occur. A shared knowledge of the world through advancements in technology and became social cement, inbedded in British culture.

  • Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.
  • Can be seen as an arena for public debate
  • A new public engaged in critical political discussion

Jean Seaton PSB

  • “depended on a set of linked and radical expansions”
  • “the BBC creating an image of its audience as ‘participants’ in the great affairs of the nation…”

Broadcasting in Britain – Monopoly or Duopoly?

The BBC held a monopoly on television in Britain from its introduction until 1954 and on radio until 1972

  • “Depends on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good”

1977 Annan Report says:

“became a…. free market place in which balance could be achieved through the competition of multiplicity of independent voices.”

  • Double think, according to George Orwell, illustrates peoples views on broadcasting at the time
Ownership Effects – James Curran & Jean Seaton
  • “twin forces of creativity and business”
  • profit driven motives take precedence”

Exam Prep, Radio, Television

Public Service BoardCasting (PSB)

Leave a comment

10 Key elements / standards of quality television

  1. The quality of the sound recording.
  2. The acting skills to make it seem real.
  3. The storyline, whether its predictable and easy to read or unpredictable and harder to read and the writing of the story.
  4. The style of clothes and makeup and the quality of props.
  5. The picture quality.
  6. Camera angles
  7. Themes

Definitions:

  • Broadcasting – Targets a large audience (mass media products)
  • Narrowcasting – Targets a small audience (niche audience)
  • Populism – The idea that media products follow what their audiences enjoy and love.
  • Paternalism – The idea that media products follow what is good for their audiences.
The BBC:
  • BBC was made in 1922, 51 years before Newsbeat.
  • The first director general of the BBC was Lord John Reith.
Ethos of the BBC:
  • Lord Reith developed the 3 components of the BBC: 1) Entertain 2) Educate 3) Inform.
  • Grace Wyndham-Goldie explains changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space through technology.
  • British culture was centred around the BBC.
Theorists that can be linked to the BBC:
  • Habermas: The BBC correlates to the transformation of the public sphere as this is where there is sharing of knowledge and ideas, which the BBC expresses and informs the UK of international news as well as national news.
  • James Curran (talks about power and responsibility) says ‘Independence poses a serious threat to political institutions whose control over broadcasting should be strengthened’ – Pg 134 That the independence of the BBC is threatening political institutions such as the government.
  • Jean Seaton explains ‘Commercial broadcasting is based not on the sale of programmes to audiences but on the sale of audiences to advertisers’ – pg 126 – meaning broadcasting requires advertising revenue to maintain programming and they are designed to attract ‘economically affluent audiences’, meaning audiences who want to buy the product that are promoted.

CSP: Newsbeat

Facts and Figures:

  • Newsbeat is the BBC’s radio news programme broadcast on Radio 1, 1Xtra and Asian Network.
  • Newsbeat is edited by Danielle Dwyer.
  • More popular with older groups like millennials with 63% than Gen X with 42% and Baby Boomers with 34%.
  • The original release of Newsbeat was in 10th September 1973 to the present day.
  • Runs for 15 minutes and its country of origin is the United Kingdom.
  •  BBC Trust claims Radio 1 targets people who are aged 15-29. However, RAJAR suggests the average listener is actually 30.
  • Newsbeat is a multi media production which consist of radio, news and video as well as behind the scenes of the radio (The way the camera angles are presented and the videos are performed).
  • Transmitted live over digital audio broadcast most weekdays at 12:45 and 17:45.
  • Newsbeat is owned by the BBC.

Media Industries:

  • BBC is regulated by the government as audiences are unable to listen to the radio station and their news unless you have a TV license.
  • Newsbeat uses multi media products to advertise and present their website through social medias such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.

Media Audiences (Relating to Newsbeat):

  • Stuart Hall is represented through his reception theory as the producers appeal to their listeners through influencing their audiences opinion (Framing) through his 3 types of audiences. Dominant (Those who accept): Teenager and young people who listen or watch online, taking Newsbeats information and believing/accepting it. Negotiated (Those who argue): The audience which listens/reads but then disagrees with some things. Opposition (Those who reject): The audience which entirely REJECTS what newsbeat has to offer.
  • Newsbeat appeal to younger generations of 15 to 29 years of age through their story contexts and presentation. On the stories page of Newsbeat, their stories are based around tik tok, education and celebrities such as the rapper and singer known as Stormzy, and other stories which may interest young audiences.
  • Younger audiences have different consumption patterns to the older generations (younger gen through phones and older gen through TV)

Possible Exam Newsbeat Questions:

  1. Assess the extent in which institutions and audiences play a key role in a product you have studied. (Newsbeat) 20 marks
  2. How does Newsbeat attract their target audiences? (9 marks)
Institution, Production, Regulation

Public Broadcasting Service

Leave a comment

Re-cap of Press:

ActingWas of good quality, believable
LightingGood quality
Camera anglesGood camera angles
EditingEditing was mostly good but felt rushed towards end.
StorylineSometimes the plot line of each episode was weak and didn’t have much progression
Setamazing set
soundquality sound
propsappropriate – fine details
costumeappropriate costume – realistic
scriptgood dialogue

Broadcasting: To a big wide audience

Narrowcasting: To a niche audience.

The BBC

  • Publicly owned (funded through TV licenses by the public and overseen by government)
  • The BBC was founded in October 1922
  • Originally it started off as a radio and then developed into television
  • Lord John Reith was the first ‘director general’ of the BBC
  • He set out a mission for the BBC. This had 3 main principals; to inform, to educate and to entertain.
  • The BBC is regulated by the Royal charter
  • initially rejected by many organisations out of fear of new technologies
  • Their work is funded through a TV license fee from British households/companies/organisations.
  • Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service  which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian
  • Became increasingly more popular after second world war and played a prominent role in British life and culture.

Populism = Giving people what they want.

Paternalism = Giving the people, what some people think they need.

The BBC utilises a paternalist approach rather than a populist approach. This means they provide diverse content for their audiences. Cecil Lewis said that the BBC began opening “new worlds to people” as they are exposed to new/more content.

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere within the BBC

  • Using a paternalist approach to give their audiences more exposure to alternate content. For example in 1941 Una Marson was the first black BBC producer.
  • More inclusive when it comes to representation.
  • New technologies transformed time and space. For example in 1948 being able to watch the Olympics at home.
  • 1955 first television show for deaf children – became more accessible to wider audiences.

Jean seaton

  • “One cause of the collapse of the principle of public service broadcasting has been the deterioration in the relationship of the state and broadcasting institutions. “
  • “essential that permission to transmit, and the matter to be transmitted should be subject to public authority.”
  • “it was impossible for broadcasting to be politically accountable and yet remain independent of any political influence.”
  • “developed the idea of broadcasting as a public service – catering to all section of the community, reaching all parts of the country regardless of the cost, seeking to educate, inform and improve, and prepared to lead public opinion rather then follow it.”

Ownership effects – James Curran and Jean Seaton

  • their book power and responsibility explains how media has fallen under the control of a handful of global media conglomerates.
  • radical pamphlets in Victorian era created by working class for working class were the engines for social and political change. Described “as an alternate value system that symbolically turned the world upside down”

.

Uncategorized

public service broadcast

Leave a comment

lord wreath- bbc to have an ethos (belief )

entertain inform and education- bbc ethos

BBC charter- to oversee them.

populism- giving the people what they want

  • bbc allows for shared opinions and beliefes from he spread of knowledge and news..
  • habermans (transformation of the public shpere)- allows people to transform space and time, by interacting with people hundres of miles away at the same time.

quote from seaton–

” i am free to say anything i want, except the one thing i do want to say then i am not free.. in broadcasting a single prohibition emposed on a nation broadcasting authority or within it tends to corode the whole output. – meaning that broadcasters are ‘free’ to say what they want, through their rights but additionally if they speak their opinion that the government or people don’t agree with, then they will be heavily critised.

-choice- ‘real choices offered to consumers by a more effective market”.

james curren quotes

” the radical press with spread their agenda to effect political press”

” profit driven motives take precvidence”

”twin forces of creativity and business”’

BBC- paternalism approach- the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest. ( restricting people with good intentions nut can have negative consequences.)

– grace winden goldie- noting the most significant thing about broadcasting changes the ideology of time and space. life was lived in the present but with new technology allows us to listen and watch a moment in time whenever you want even the moment its happening

the way in which the bbc became social cement everyone and British culture was centred around the bbc.

broadcasting- to a broad amount of people- mass media, large audience.

narrow casting- niche group.

Press:

convincing acting-

character development-

writing quality-

sound prodcution-

camera quality-

set-

lighting quality-

editing-

Uncategorized

public servuce broadcasting

Leave a comment

What makes quality television?

  • Understandable script/story
  • Good acting
  • Interesting plot
  • Good cinematography
  • Good editing
  • Good lighting
  • Interesting characters/character development
  • Educates the audience
  • Sense of escapism

Broadcasting – communicating with a variety of people

Narrowcasting – small / niche audience

THE BBC

  • Founded in 1992
  • Started with radio [tv came later]
  • Lord Reith was the first director of the BBC
  • His ethos [belief/mission statement] for the BBC had 3 main principles
    • Inform, educate and entertain
  • To oversee due diligence and regulation, the UK government reviews a charter: to ensure the BBC stay inline

The Royal Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The current Charter began on 1 January 2017 and ends on 31 December 2027.

The Government will carry out a mid-term review of the Charter, focussing on governance and regulatory arrangements. This review is not a full Charter Review and so will not look at the BBC’s mission, purpose or the method by which it is funded.

Habermas – Transformation of the public sphere – the transformation of time and space, the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives

The control mechanism of mass media and sharing information was creating a restricted public sphere. 

Ethos

The public service ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism is the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/wp-content/uploads/sites/58/2022/11/Seaton-PSB-1.pdf

“But broadcasting organisations have to back their field, and put their money on the leading horses which line up at the starting game”

“The concept of broadcasting has always been of a service, comprehensive in character, with the duty of a public cooperation of bringing to public awareness the whole range of activity and expression developed in society “

“The only information about viewers that seriously affects producers is knowledge of the size of the audience”

“The pursuit of profit rather than excellence is more likely to dominate”

“The media industry is driven, Curran and Seaton tells us, by the twin forces of creativity and business”

“Those we call the media’s business managers are responsible for ensuring the profitability and commercial viability of products”

“Commercial broadcasting is based not on the sale of programmes to the audience, but on the sale of audiences to advertisers”

“The success of horizontal and vertical integration means that most commercial print, film and TV based in America and the UK is now controlled by just 6 global players: CBS, Comcast, Disney, News Corporation, Time Warner and Viacom”

Radio

PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING (PSB)

Leave a comment

10 quality points of television:
1. A understandable, yet un-predictable storyline
2. Professional actors which can portray the story line in a convincing and enjoyable way.
3. The sound recording must be professional and the correct cuts, fades and sounds used at appropriate times.
4. The picture recording is high quality (in definition) and the angles capture the dominant signifier.
5. Appropriate props and costume that relate to the story line and actors.
6. Appropriate locations to shoot upon which represent the story, not recording in a barn for an office show.
7.

Narrowcasting: Targets a niche audience
Broadcasting: Targets large audiences and a broad variety of people.

The BBC:

  • Founded 1922, Radio not television
  • Lord Reith, founded BBC
  • BBC took a PATERNAL approach.
The Royal Charter:
  • Sets out the BBC’s missions, objectives, and tasks.
  • Gov Makes sure the BBC sticks to its plan and does what is required of it.
  • Government to oversee the regulation on the BBC.
Ethos of the BBC:
  • Lord Reith created the 3 Ethos’ of the BBC:
  • To inform
  • To Educate
  • To Entertain
Populism vs Paternalism:

Populism: What people enjoy, what people want. Like enjoying 1 type of food which is really un-healthy or sitting and watching soap operas that are useless and you learn nothing from them.

Paternalism: What people need, and require to be healthy and competent. Like education and entertainment.

Past and present:

Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space.

“The ability to discover and listen to people/things from areas you didn’t even know existed”
– The fear of new technology, don’t use at people will stop attending IRL events.
– Social Cement, everyone in Britain was centred around the BBC because of how it was accessible by anyone.

Theories within the BBC:

Habermas: The BBC correlates with Habermas’ idea of the public sphere, where the BBC allows the spread of data and communication to the public, therefore making a public sphere of opinions and shared knowledge.

Seaton:
“Indeed, Public Service Regulation has secured the survival of a Successful broadcasting industry”
“1923 Skyes Report saying ‘broadcasting was of great national importance as a medium for the performance of a valuable public service'”
“No conflict has arisen between Broadcasters and the Government over the definition of public interest”
“Broadcasters are not free but ‘Brokers, Megaphones, impresarios and mediators”

James Curran and Jane Seaton (Ownership):
“Commercial Broadcasting is based not on the sale of programmes to audiences, but on the sale of audiences to advertisers”
“twin forces of creativity and business”

Institution, Notes, Theory

PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING

Leave a comment

Standards for Quality Programming

Qualitative elements:

  • Believable acting/ character performance
  • Seamless editing
  • Quality camera work/ angles/ shots
  • Good lighting and sound quality
  • Believable and relevant ‘mis-en-scene’ elements/ setting/ costume etc.
  • Followable storyline/ plot and something that is also unpredictable
  • Professional marketing

Broadcasting = Producers target a wider, mass audience.

Narrowcasting = Producers target a niche audience.

The BBC

  • Publicly owned (funded through TV licenses by the public and overseen by government)
  • The BBC was founded in 1922, it started with radio – television broadcasting came later.
  • Lord John Reith was the first ‘director general’ of the BBC
  • He set out an ethos (a belief/ mission statement) for the BBC. This ethos had 3 main principals; to inform, to educate and to entertain.
  • To oversee due diligence and regulation, the UK government reviews a charter: The BBC Charter, to ensure the BBC stay inline.

The BBC took up a PATERNALIST approach rather than a POPULIST approach. In other words, rather than providing ‘normal’ content to their audiences, they provide alternate ideas and what is ‘good’. Cecil Lewis said that the BBC began to open up “new worlds to people”, meaning that audiences are given access to new content.

Populism = Giving people what they want.

Paternalism = Giving the people, what some people think they need.

  • British culture is centered around the BBC. It is the ‘social cement’ that gives us a shared experience and exposes us to new culture/ ideas (Habermas’ ideas on the Transformation of the Public Sphere –> The uneducated have access to education with entertainment)

Grace Wyndham Goldie says that the most significant thing regarding broadcasting is the ability to change time and space. Many have fears revolving around new technologies.

Pages: 1 2