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Exam Prep, Representation

Key Terms: Representation

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Male gaze – Looking at things through the eyes of a straight male, which can lead to sexualising and objectifying women.

Voyeurism – Gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.

Patriarchy – The belief that males are superior: a society dominated by men.

Positive and negative stereotypes – The positive, socially accepted and negative, frowned upon aspects of different stereotypes. Positive examples could be men being good at sport and women being caring, whereas negative examples could be most Muslims being thought of as terrorists when in fact that is absolutely not the case.

Counter-types – An idea that challenges a traditional stereotype, for example a princess saving a prince.

Misrepresentation – False claims or ideas about how certain people of things that are not made by the people themselves. This can give others the wrong impressions and ideas about people.

Selective representation – When certain groups or types of people are selected to feature in important positions more than others, for example when women weren’t allowed to vote at certain points in history.

Dominant ideology – Ideas, beliefs and opinions shared by the majority of people in society.

Constructed reality – When people interacting in society create mental beliefs about each other, and these concepts become somewhat reality out of habit.

Hegemony – Dominance or leadership of one specific group of people over others.

Audience positioning – How a designated audience might react to certain ideas, values or concepts.

David Gauntlett

Fluidity of identity – The concept of identity changing because of time, for example maturity or change of circumstances.

Constructed identity – The process of people developing ideas and beliefs about themselves.

Negotiated identity – The process of people fidning out “who is who” in society.

Collective identity – The idea of fitting into certain categories or groups, perhaps based on interests, gender or age.

Exam Prep, Representation

representation

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  1. Male gaze – the male gaze is the act of depicting women and the world in a heterosexual masculine way and seeing women in a erotic way
  2. Voyeurism – a sexualisation of private actions such as undressing and other sexual actions
  3. Patriarchy – a hierarchy where men are on top of woman where men are seen as better and woman were objectified
  4. Positive and negative stereotypes
  5. Counter-types – A representation that highlights the positive features of a person and in a group
  6. Misrepresentation – where a person is discriminated against or excluded
  7. Selective representation – only showing and representing specific things or not at all
  8. Dominant ideology- values and beliefs in a group or social majority
  9. Constructed reality – The theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
  10. Hegemony –  leadership or dominance of one group over another
  11. Audience positioning – the way a writer wants his audience to believe by the representation and points he is making forcing his views by the way he structured his sentence
  12. Fluidity of identity – identity that is changing over time at time goes on
  13. Constructed identity – how someone is making a identity by the things around them
  14. Negotiated identity – Identity negotiation refers to the processes through which perceivers and targets come to agreements regarding the identities that targets are to assume in the interaction
  15. Collective identity – an individuals’ sense of belonging to a group where they have similar views and identity
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key terms : representATION

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  1. Male gaze-  encourages the sexual politics of the gaze and suggests a sexualised way of looking that empowers men and objectifies women
  2. Voyeurism – the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.
  3. Patriarchy- a society controlled by men.
  4. Positive and negative stereotypes- encourages a certain attitude on how we see things and how things are accepted on not accepted.
  5. Counter-types- representation that highlights the positive features of a person/ group..
  6. Misrepresentation- false or misleading account of the nature of something.
  7. Selective representation- when groups of people/ things are represented/highlighted more then others.
  8. Dominant ideology-  The ideas, attitudes, values, beliefs, and culture of the ruling class in a society.
  9. Constructed reality- the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
  10. Hegemony- leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
  11. Audience positioning- the relationships between the audience and the text, how an audience receives, reads and responds to a text.

Identity:

  1. Fluidity of identity- having the ability to change how you see yourself, the world, and your actions.
  2. Constructed identity- the way that we construct our own identities through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections. They constantly change.
  3. Negotiated identity- processes through which people reach agreements regarding “who is who” in their relationships
  4. Collective identity– the shared definition of a group that derives from its members’ common interests, experiences, and solidarities.

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key language representation

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male gaze– the perspective of a notionally typical heterosexual man considered as embodied in the audience or intended audience for films and other visual media, characterized by a tendency to objectify or sexualize women.

Voyeurism-Voyeurism is defined as an interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities. The interest is usually more in the act of watching, rather than in the person being watched.

Patriarchy-a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.

Counter-types– a positive stereotype and emphasizes the positive features about a person. An example of a countertype is that all religious people are kind

Misrepresentation– the action or offence of giving a false or misleading account of the nature of something.

Selective representation– the action or offence of giving a false or misleading account of the nature of something.

Dominant ideology– the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

Constructed reality – The term social construction of reality refers to the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.

Hegemony– leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.

Audience positioning– Audience positioning refers to the techniques used by the creator of a text to try to get the audience to understand the ideology of the text.

Fluidity of identity– fluid identity has the potential to change in many directions.

Constructed identity– identity is something that is personally constructed

Collective identity– the different identity groups in society

negotiated identity– the way in which you agree with others about identity

Exam Prep, Representation

key words: representation

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Male Gaze- The act of depicting women and the world, from a straight (heterosexual) male perspective that sexualises women for the pleasure of the heterosexual male viewer.

Voyeurism-An interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities. The interest is typically more in the act of watching, rather than in the person being watched.

Patriarchy-a social system in which the male gender hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.

Positive Stereotype– refers to a subjectively favourable belief held about a social group. Some popular examples of positive stereotypes can be Asians with better math ability or African Americans with greater athletic ability.

Negative stereotype-a stereotype that describes the undesirable, objectionable, or unacceptable qualities and characteristics of members of a particular group or social category.

Counter-Type-a positive stereotype that emphasizes the positive features about a person. An example of a countertype is that all woman are nurturing.

Misrepresentation-an inaccurate statement of a material fact made by one party which affects the other party’s decision in agreeing to a contract. If discovered, the contract can be declared void.

Selective representation– is only showing some events, not all, sometimes chosen based on importance or viewer preference.

Dominant ideology– the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

Constructed reality– when people and groups interact in a social system create concepts or mental representations of each other’s actions.

Hegemony- Perceived process by which certain values and ways of thought promulgated through the mass media become dominant in society.

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Key Terms: Representation

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  1. Male gaze: when media tries to appeal to a straight male by trying to represent things as they would see it.
  2. Voyeurism: The act of prying into peoples personal lifestyle and affairs.
  3. Patriarchy: patriarchy is a term to describe a society which is controlled by men.
  4. Positive and negative stereotypes: a positive stereotype refers to a subjectively favourable belief held about a social group. Common examples of positive stereotypes are Asians with better math ability, African Americans with greater athletic ability, and women with being warmer and more communal. Whereas a negative stereotype a stereotype that describes the undesirable, objectionable, or unacceptable qualities and characteristics of members of a particular group or social category.
  5. Counter-types: a positive stereotype and emphasizes the positive features about a person
  6. Misrepresentation: a false statement of a material fact made by one party which affects the other party’s decision in agreeing to a contract. If the misrepresentation is discovered, the contract can be declared void and, depending on the situation, the adversely impacted party may seek damages.
  7. Selective representation: Selective Representation is only showing (representing) some events/conflicts, not all, sometimes chosen based on importance, proximity to home, and viewer preference.
  8. Dominant ideology: the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.
  9. Constructed reality: Sociologists generally accept that reality is different for each individual. The term social construction of reality refers to the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
  10. Hegemony: The process by which certain values and ways of thought promulgated through the mass media become dominant in society. It is seen in particular as reinforcing the capitalist system.
  11. Audience positioning: Positioning is the relationships between the audience and the text, how an audience receives, reads and responds to a text. Producers consider very carefully how an audience might react to, or engage with, their text, based on how the text is encoded and decoded.

12. Fluidity of identity– fluid identity has the potential to change in many directions.

13. Constructed identity– identity is something that is personally constructed

14. Collective identity– the different identity groups in society

15. negotiated identity– the way in which you agree with others about identity

Representation

Representation

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  1. Male gaze – The perspective of a notionally typical heterosexual man considered as embodied in the audience or intended audience for films and other visual media, characterized by a tendency to objectify or sexualize women.
  2. Voyeurism –  Defined as an interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities. The interest is usually more in the act of watching, rather than in the person being watched.
  3. Patriarchy – A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is reckoned through the male line.
  4. Positive and negative stereotypes – For example, women are positively stereotyped as warm but negatively stereotyped as weak; Asian-Americans are positively stereotyped as competent but negatively stereotyped as cold; Black Americans are positively stereotyped as athletic but negatively stereotyped as unintelligent.
  5. Counter-types – The definition of a countertype is a positive stereotype and emphasizes the positive features about a person. An example of a countertype is that all religious people are kind.
  6. Misrepresentation – The action or offence of giving a false or misleading account of the nature of something.
  7. Selective representation – Selective representation is when some groups of people are represented more in government than others. In the extreme case, selective representation can mean that whole groups of people are made ineligible to vote; in the US women could not vote before 1920, for example.
  8. Dominant ideology – The ideas, attitudes, values, beliefs, and culture of the ruling class in a society; usually also the function of these in validating the status quo.
  9. Constructed reality – Sociologists generally accept that reality is different for each individual. The term social construction of reality refers to the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
  10. Hegemony – Leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
  11. Audience positioning – Audience positioning refers to the techniques used by the creator of a text to try to get the audience to understand the ideology of the text.
  12. Fluidity of identity – The concept of identity changing because of time, for example maturity or change of circumstances.
  13. Constructed identity – The process of people developing ideas and beliefs about themselves.
  14. Negotiated identity – The process of people fidning out “who is who” in society.
  15. Collective identity – The idea of fitting into certain categories or groups, perhaps based on interests, gender or age.

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Key term represention

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Male Gaze- The male gaze is the act of depicting women and the world, in the visual arts and in literature, from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the heterosexual male viewer.

Voyeurism – the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.

Patriarchy – a male dominated society

Positive and negative stereotypes– refers to a subjectively favourable belief held about a social group. Common examples of positive stereotypes are Asians with better math ability, African Americans with greater athletic ability, and women with being warmer and more communal.

Counter-types– a positive stereotype that emphasizes the positive features about a person. An example of a countertype is that all religious people are kind.

Misrepresentation– A misrepresentation is a false statement of a material fact made by one party which affects the other party’s decision in agreeing to a contract. If the misrepresentation is discovered, the contract can be declared void and, depending on the situation, the adversely impacted party may seek damages.

Selective representation – In terms of media, Selective Representation is only showing (representing) some events/conflicts, not all, sometimes chosen based on importance, proximity to home, and viewer preference.

Dominant ideology – the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

Constructed reality – when people and groups interacting in a social system create, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other’s actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other.

Hegemony – media hegemony is a perceived process by which certain values and ways of thought promulgated through the mass media become dominant in society. It is seen in particular as reinforcing the capitalist system.

Audience positioning – Audience positioning refers to the techniques used by the creator of a text to try to get the audience to understand the ideology of the text.

Exam Prep, Representation

definitions

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Male Gaze- The male gaze is the act of depicting women and the world, in the visual arts and in literature, from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the heterosexual male viewer.

Voyeurism-An interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities. The interest is usually more in the act of watching, rather than in the person being watched.

Patriarchy-a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property. Some patriarchal societies are also patrilineal, meaning that property and title are inherited by the male lineage.

Positive Stereotype– refers to a subjectively favourable belief held about a social group. Common examples of positive stereotypes are Asians with better math ability, African Americans with greater athletic ability, and women with being warmer and more communal.

Negative stereotype-a stereotype that describes the undesirable, objectionable, or unacceptable qualities and characteristics of members of a particular group or social category.

Counter-Type-a positive stereotype that emphasizes the positive features about a person. An example of a countertype is that all religious people are kind.

Misrepresentation-a false statement of a material fact made by one party which affects the other party’s decision in agreeing to a contract. If the misrepresentation is discovered, the contract can be declared void and, depending on the situation, the adversely impacted party may seek damages.

Selective representation– is only showing (representing) some events/conflicts, not all, sometimes chosen based on importance, proximity to home, and viewer preference.

Dominant ideology– the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

Constructed reality-when people and groups interacting in a social system create, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other’s actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other.

Hegemony-media hegemony is a perceived process by which certain values and ways of thought promulgated through the mass media become dominant in society. It is seen in particular as reinforcing the capitalist system.

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key words

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male gaze- the perspective of a notionally typical heterosexual man considered as embodied in the audience or intended audience for films and other visual media, characterized by a tendency to objectify or sexualize women

Voyeurism- an interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities

Patriarchy-a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.

Positive and negative stereotypes

Counter-types- representation that highlights the positive features of a person or group.

Misrepresentation-the action or offence of giving a false or misleading account of the nature of something.

Selective representation-when some groups of people are represented more in government than others. 

Dominant ideology-Ideologies that are told to us repeatedly by important social institutions 

Constructed reality

Hegemony-leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others

Audience positioning-Audience positioning refers to the techniques used by the creator of a text to try to get the audience to understand the ideology of the text.

Fluidity of identity-Having a fluid identity means having the ability to change how you see yourself, the world, and your actions.

Constructed identity-the way we construct our identity.

Collective identity- individuals’ sense of belonging to a group