Key Words

Diaspora

Uses and Gratifications

post-feminism

Countertype

We Media-Dan Gilmore

Teen Vogue

“The young persons guide to conquering (and saving) the world. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrity news, politics, fashion, beauty, wellness, lifestyle and entertainment.”

Sister publication of Vogue, Conde Nast and advance publications

November 2 2017 print edition stops – cost cuts. Steep decline in sales since 2015, online grew significantly

‘rise resist, raise your voice’

Representations of particular groups create a young femaile identity. Focus on politics, social issues suggest a new representation of women, the audience has evolved – changed the genre, R+D – young women now expect more.

‘Campus life’ section implies an older audience, 63% gen Z/millenial – 18.5Million Audience reach.

Activism-social media-clickbait-events (teen vogue summit)

The Voice

First published 1982

“committed to celebrating black experience”

most successful black newspaper in Britain.

No investors for a niche audience, context of 1980’s offered McCalla an opportunity. Barclays was being criticised for investments in south africa after segregation was institutionalised. McCalla secured £62,000, by one of MT’s initiatives so unemployed could start their own business’

Peak circulation 55k in 90’s – mostly young women.

Moved from weekly to month;y -print dying.

In we the media, Dan Gilmore (2004) argued grass roots journalists were a threat to monopolies enjoyed by big conglomerates – Shirky – mass amateurisation.

The voice will struggle to be heard by an audience of comment culture rather than long-form journalism.

Before the voice the black press in Britain targetted first-gen immigrants. The carribean times kept the diaspora up to date . The voice targets 2nd gen.

Countertype to mainstreams negative portrayal of black people .

Civil unrest 1981 – the sun front cover ‘to think this is england’. Binary Opposition (civil vs. savage). Ausience positioned to sympathise with police. Brixton Riot.

Essay answer Structure:

Intro:

How the contemporary media landscape has changed – in response to social and cultural contexts. Print dying, change to online – interactivity (new vs. old media)

CSP 1

The voice will struggle to be heard by an audience of comment culture rather than long-form journalism.

Before the voice the black press in Britain targetted first-gen immigrants. The carribean times kept the diaspora up to date . The voice targets 2nd gen.

Countertype to mainstreams negative portrayal of black people .

Civil unrest 1981 – the sun front cover ‘to think this is england’. Binary Opposition (civil vs. savage). Ausience positioned to sympathise with police. Brixton Riot.

In we the media, Dan Gilmore (2004) argued grass roots journalists were a threat to monopolies enjoyed by big conglomerates – Shirky – mass amateurisation.

CSP 2:

November 2 2017 print edition stops – cost cuts. Steep decline in sales since 2015, online grew significantly

‘rise resist, raise your voice’

Representations of particular groups create a young femaile identity. Focus on politics, social issues suggest a new representation of women, the audience has evolved – changed the genre, R+D – young women now expect more.

‘Campus life’ section implies an older audience, 63% gen Z/millenial – 18.5Million Audience reach.

Activism-social media-clickbait-events (teen vogue summit)

Teen Vogue

The Voice

Online News Source	Teen Vogue	The Voice
Summary	Teen Vogue wants to be “the young person’s guide to conquering (and saving) the world”. The magazine originally featured lots of stories about fashion, celebrity gossip and beauty advice, but its broader focus on social issues and politics has been a hit with young activists. Edging out entertainment, politics became the website’s “most trafficked vertical” in 2017	First published in 1982, The Voice newspaper is “committed to celebrating black experience” and aims to deliver “positive change” by “informing the black community on important issues”. With its news stories, in-depth interviews, opinion pieces and investigations, The Voice remains “Britain’s most successful black newspaper”
Key Facts
Key words	Deregulation, Innovation, Theory of preferred reading, Jarod Lanier, Privacy, Clay Shirky, Cultivation, Mean World Index, Utopian Possibilities	Deregulation, Innovation, Theory of preferred reading, Jarod Lanier, Privacy, Clay Shirky, Cultivation, Mean World Index, Utopian Possibilities
Talking points
Introductions

https://www.teenvogue.com/live/coachella-2023-live-updates

Capital

Deutschland 83

TV	Capital	Deutschland 83
Summary		Set during the rising tensions of the Cold War and the threat of nuclear annihilation, “Deutschland 83” is an entertaining spy story with lots of action and suspense. Martin Rauch, a young and wide-eyed border guard, is forced to go undercover for the German Secret Service to find out if America’s missile deployments and military exercises are actually the first moves towards another global conflict.
Key Facts		Winning an International Emmy Award and several prestigious domestic television accolades, “Deutschland 83” was the first German-language series broadcast on a US network. It is also one of the most popular foreign-language dramas aired on British television
Key words	equilibrium, genre, public sphere, hybrid genre, Stuart hall, reception theory, PSB, BBC	equilibrium, genre, public sphere, hybrid genre, Stuart hall, reception theory, PSB, BBC
Talking points
Introductions

TV – No Offence and The Killing

No Offence	The Killing
– produced by abbott vision – distributed on channel 4 – publically owned but privately funded – channel 4 remit – ‘to create change through entertainment’ – 2.5m views when first aired – broadcast on national broadcast channel France2 – 5.5m viewers – boxset available on All4	-Consumed on DR1 – brought to the UK on BBC4 in 2011  -DR1 is a PSB  -‘BBC4’s primary role is to reflect a range of UK and international arts, music and culture’  -nordic noir genre – bleak setting, violent themes, progressive attitudes towards gender, sexuality, female lead, flawed protagonist, political corruption  – Over 120 countries purchased first 2 series – US series made by AMC in 2011
tripartite structure quest narrative stereotypes encoding/decoding diversity resonance agenda setting pluralism socialisations	tripartite structure quest narrative stereotypes encoding/decoding PSB globalisation resonance agenda setting socialisations
Todorov: condensed equilibrium – disruption begins when Dinah starts chasing the suspect lack of new equilibrium = conventional of TV series Bathes: action code – Dinah sees suspect and chases him enigma code – running away of suspected criminal at end of ep cultural code – exploitations of down’s syndrome people – suggests its an issue in wider society Neale: hybrid – police procedural/ comedy Hall: subverts traditional stereotypes by representing women in dominant position – promotes female empowerment however, stereotypes disabled people by representing their harsh treatment in society – however, used to draw attention to inequalities rather than exploit it Gerbner: does depict mild violence as well as social realism – therefore narrative could make audiences prone to ‘world syndrome’ may encourage violence towards down’s people Hall: producer encode – subvert harmful stereotypes, create a light-hearted crime drama audiences decode: – preferred – interprets what the producer intended – oppositional – could view the victimisation of down’s syndrome people as demeaning	Todorov: condensed equilibrium – disruption begins when nanna is first suspected of being missing lack of new equilibrium = conventional of TV series Bathes: action code – when nanna, unknown at the time is running from someone enigma code – audience questions who she is running from Levi-Strauss: binary oppositions between police and politicians – represents politicians as suspicious, evil = conventional od nordic noir binary oppositions between detectives – one is serious, one is more light hearted = heightens tension Neale: hybrid genre of police procedural/ thriller/ nordic noir Hall: subverts traditional stereotypes by representing women in dominant position – promotes female empowerment however, representation a sexually exploited girl is conventional of female represntations – however by drawing attention to in equalities rather than exploite them Van Zoonen: does not represent women’s bodies as an object – lund is represented with ‘rationality’ and ‘individualism’ of a man whilst nanna’s victimisation can be seen as possessing conventional weakness of feminimity, the plot point is used to draw attention to violence against women rather than encourage it hooks: but televising the issue of female violence, TK aims to educate and expose patriarchal oppression of women, however does not represent divisions other than feminism eg racism, classism Hesmondhalgh: star formatting to appeal to ready made audiences – EG Lars Mikkelsen – Sherlock, House of Cards – brings more culture to English TV  Gerbner: does depict mild violence as well as social realism – therefore narrative could make audiences prone to ‘world syndrome’ may encourage violence towards women Hall: Preferred – innovative and engaging Negotiated – innovative but dragged out due to long form TV Oppositional – boring/ too dark

Keywords

Hesmondalgh

Vertical/horizontal integration

Conglomerates

Mergers

Pastiche

Postmodern

Todorov

Equilibrium

disruption

New Equilibrium

Deustchland 83

Aired in Germany november 2015

Aired janueary 2016 Channel 4

Spy infiltrates west Germany military .

Germany split into west and east. West is capitalist, modern and owned by UK. The East is communist, owned by soviet union.

The destruction of Berlin wall 1989 – the berlin wall, while dividing political standpoints was also a symbol of power.

American novelist Anna Winger and German TV producer Joerg Winger created D83. they carried out extensive research from experts of both sides of germany.

Having a german and American company produce the show positions it to exploit the national and global market. The series was offered ad-free subscription in U.S.

D83 was the firdt German-language series to air on a US network.

The public service remit for channel 4 must demonstrate innovation, creativity and appeal to a culturally diverse audience

Channel 4 is publicly owned but commercially funded. free content with ad-breaks.

Could be seen as an attempt by German media to take advantage of new openness to foreign products.

companies which are vertically and horizontally integrated (RTL–>AMC). using popular genre and conventions series already released in 2 countries ‘the killing’ success as foreign film. streaming products.

pastiche of popular cultures (80’s nostalgia)

Equilibrium-established job, ideology, family

Disruption-state kidnapping

New Equilibrium-ongoing status as spy.

Capital

Reflects change in Britain-diversity

Multi-stranded narrative

“A group of police officers try their best to keep the streets of Manchester free of crime. When all else fails, they decide to use unconventional methods to teach the perpetrators a lesson.”

• The genre of the show is multi-genre’d/ hybrid genre. It is a drama/ police procedural/ dark comedy

Feminist culture –

Van Zoonen – Van Zoonen believes the media portray images of stereotypical women and this behaviour reinforces societal views. The media does this because they believe it reflects dominant social values (what people believe in) and male producers are influenced by this. [Word Press]

This relates to No Offence as recent advancements in feminism and the increasing culture of women empowerment and empowerment of different cultures creates a countertype to usual conventional media ideologies by casting a mainly female cast where women are in positions of power which goes against patriarchal society norms.

Toril Moi – According to Professor of Literature Toril Moi, feminist theory has become so abstract that it no longer says anything about ordinary women’s lives. Concepts like intersectionality have become so overtheoretical that they no longer apply to people’s actual experiences. [Kilden]

Judith Butler – Sex is a biological category; gender is a historical category. Butler questions that distinction by arguing that our “gender acts” affect us in such material, corporeal ways that even our perception of corporeal sexual differences are affected by social conventions. [Source]

Witnesses S1 E1

episode 1

Summary: In northern France, graves are desecrated, and dead bodies have been dug up and left in show homes. Around the bodies are family photos, one of Paul Maisonneuve, a legend of the northern France police force, who will be forced to return to duty.

French Public Service Broadcaster: France 2

Distributed in the US, Australia, and Europe

UK viewing figures: 1.01 million

Director: Hervé Hadmar

The Missing S2 E1

"Come Home"

Summary: In 2003 Alice Webster is abducted in Germany, where her father is stationed on a British Army base. In 2014, just before Christmas, a barefoot and traumatised Alice re-appears in the same town, suffering from acute appendicitis. She claims that she was held captive with a French girl, Sophie Giroux, who went missing around the same time. Retired French detective Julien Baptiste, an expert on the Giroux case, investigates. He suspects that she may not be Alice.

UK viewing figures: 9.20

Director: Ben Chanan

On Rotten Tomatoes, the second series has earned a “Certified Fresh” score of 100%, with an average rating of 8.55/10 out of 15 reviews.

Language

Media form – TV

Moving Image

Genre / Type – Crime Drama

Steve Neale ‘Corpus’ ‘repertoire’ + elements

Similarities + differences

Levi – Strauss

‘Enigma’ – Bartes

Todorov / Freytag pyramid

Audiences

Exposition

End – cliff hanger

Propp

• Victim
• Princess
• Hero

Production

David Hesmondhalgh states that media is a ‘risky business, so to reduce risk The Missing and Witnesses use well-known plot devices and tropes which appeal to a wide audience.

Stuart halls reception theory:

ENCODING AND DECODING:

His reception theory describes how produces use various signs to encode a programmes meaning, according to ideologies and resources, which is then decoded by the viewers, which is decoded by the viewers, who have their own framework of knowledge

Application: BBC is a public service broadcaster that is heavily dependant on license fee money in order to support its output

it is regulated by Ofcom and it needs to fulfil certain obligations, promoting education and learning, the news programmes are supposed to offer an unbiased look at the main stories of the day

the relations of production refer to the different crews involved in the programme. Hall is drawing our attention to how messages are encoded by the producer , newscaster, content editor, camera operator and other technicians who help to broadcast it

clay shirky end of audience:

clay shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the active consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the product of each other.

new technologies and social media has made us connecting and collaborating incredibly

Passive audience:

Broadcast media used to deliver their products to their mass audiences to those who were mostly disconnected

Paper One

Question	Assessment
01	UNSEEN PRODUCT: Semiotics, Representation, Language (8)
02	UNSEEN PRODUCT + CSP: Semiotics, Representation, Language (12)
03	CONTEXT + CSP: Representation, Language (9)
04	THEORY + CSP: Representation, Language (20)
05.1	MULTIPLE CHOICE (TERMINOLOGY): Industries, Audience (3)
05.2	DEFINE (THEORY/TERMINOLOGY): Industries, Audience (3)
06	CONTEXT + CSP: Industries, Audience (9)
07	STATEMENT (ARGUMENT) + CSP: Industries, Audience (20)

Paper Two

Question	Assessment
01	UNSEEN PRODUCT (WITH KEY CONCEPT): Semiotics, Language (9)
02	CSP + THEORY: Language, Representation, Audience, Institution (25)
03	STATEMENT (ARGUEMENT) + CSP: Language, Representation, Audience, Institution (25)
04	STATEMENT (ARGUEMENT) + CSP: Language, Representation, Audience, Institution (25)

Past Questions – Paper 1

CSP	Past Questions
Score (Paper 1, Section A)	– ‘How useful is Stuart Hall’s theory of encoding and decoding in analysing the meaning of the Score hair cream CSP?’ – “Judith Butler describes gender as an identity instituted through a stylized repetition of box acts”. In other words it is something learnt through repeated performance. How useful is this idea in understanding how gender is represented in marketing and advertising products? Refer in detail to the Close Study Products Maybelline ‘That Boss Life part 1’ and the Score hair cream advert.’ – Explain how representations of power within media products reflect their social and cultural contexts. You should refer to the Close Study Product Score and Figure 1 to support your answer. – How valid are Baudrillard’s ideas of simulation and hyperreality to understanding the media? You should refer to the Close Study Products Score and Maybelline to support your answer. – To what extent can the Score advert be seen as an example of the male gaze? -Explain how representations of stereotypes within media products reflect their social and historical contexts. You should refer to the Close Study Product Score and Figure 1 to support your answer.
Maybelline (Paper 1, Section A)	– ‘How do representations of gender reflect contemporary social and cultural contexts?’ – “Judith Butler describes gender as an identity instituted through a stylized repetition of box acts”. In other words it is something learnt through repeated performance. How useful is this idea in understanding how gender is represented in marketing and advertising products? Refer in detail to the Close Study Products Maybelline ‘That Boss Life part 1’ and the Score hair cream advert.’ – How valid are Baudrillard’s ideas of simulation and hyperreality to understanding the media? You should refer to the Close Study Products Score and Maybelline to support your answer. – To what extent does the Close Study Product Maybelline ‘That Boss Life part 1’ use cultural codes to reflect society’s values.
Ghost Town (Paper 1, Section A)	– ‘Paul Gilroy has identified the emergence of a Black Atlantic culture. He argues that the themes and techniques go beyond ethnicity and nationality to produce something new. How valid is Gilroy’s argument? You should refer to your music video Close Study Products, Ghost Town and Letter to the Free.’ – Explain how economic and political contexts influence the ways in which media products represent reality. You should refer to the Close Study Product Ghost Town and Figure 1 to support your answer.
Letter to the Free (Paper 1, Section A)	– “Paul Gilroy has identified the emergence of a Black Atlantic culture. He argues that the themes and techniques go beyond ethnicity and nationality to produce something new.” How valid is Gilroy’s argument? You should refer to your music video Close Study Products, Ghost Town and Letter to the Free. – Explain how representations of musical artists and their work communicate information about their cultural and political contexts. Your answer should refer to Figure 1 and the Close Study Product, Common’s Letter to the Free. – To what extent is Common’s Letter to the Free ideological? – Steve Neale’s summary of genre theory includes consideration of ideas such as sub-genre, hybridity and ‘genre as cultural category’. How valid are Neale’s ideas when analysing media products? You should refer to the music video Close Study Product Letter to the Free. – Paul Gilroy claims that ethnic identity is a product of Double Consciousness. How valid is this claim? You should refer to the Close Study Product Letter to the Free in your response.
Blinded by the Light (Paper 1, Section B)	– Explain how low-budget British films are marketed and distributed to global audiences. You should refer to the Close Study Product Blinded by the Light to support your answer.
The Daily Mail (Paper 1, Section B)	– “Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.” To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world? You should refer to your newspaper Close Study Products, The i and The Daily Mail.’ – Explain how newspapers respond to and shape contemporary social and cultural contexts. You should refer to the Close Study Product the Daily Mail to support your answer.
The i (Paper 1, Section B)	– “Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.” To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world? You should refer to your newspaper Close Study Products, The i and The Daily Mail.
War of the Worlds (Paper 1, Section B)	– “Media audiences always respond to media products in the way that producers intended.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? In your answer, refer to your Close Study Products War of the Worlds (1938) and Newsbeat (BBC Radio 1). – Explain how historical contexts influence how audiences respond to media products. You should refer to the Close Study Product The War of the Worlds to support your answer. – “The relationship between producers and audiences has changed over time.” How far do you agree with this statement? You should refer to the Close Study Products War of the Worlds and Newsbeat to support your answer.
Newsbeat (Paper 1, Section B)	– “Media audiences always respond to media products in the way that producers intended.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? In your answer, refer to your Close Study Products War of the Worlds (1938) and Newsbeat (BBC Radio 1). – “The relationship between producers and audiences has changed over time.” How far do you agree with this statement? You should refer to the Close Study Products War of the Worlds and Newsbeat to support your answer.

Past Questions – Paper 2

CSP	Past Questions
No Offence (Paper 2)	– Cultivation theory argues that TV viewing had long term effects on the audience which were gradual but significant. How valid do you find the claims made by cultivation theory about audience response? You should refer to the Television Close Study Products. – To what extent do television producers attempt to target national and global audiences box through subject matter and distribution? Refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer – Hall’s theory of encoding and decoding argues that audiences do not simply accept the message encoded in a media product, but are involved in a negotiation with the producer in order to create meaning. How valid is Hall’s theory in explaining the relationship between the producer and the audience of TV programmes? You should refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer – To what extent do media products suggest that society has gender equality? You should refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer
The Killing (Paper 2)	– Cultivation theory argues that TV viewing had long term effects on the audience which were gradual but significant. How valid do you find the claims made by cultivation theory about audience response? You should refer to the Television Close Study Products. – To what extent do television producers attempt to target national and global audiences box through subject matter and distribution? Refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer – Hall’s theory of encoding and decoding argues that audiences do not simply accept the message encoded in a media product, but are involved in a negotiation with the producer in order to create meaning. How valid is Hall’s theory in explaining the relationship between the producer and the audience of TV programmes? You should refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer – To what extent do media products suggest that society has gender equality? You should refer to both of your television Close Study Products to support your answer
Teen Vogue (Paper 2)	– Media products are shaped by the economic and political contexts in which they are created. To what extent does an analysis of your online, social and participatory Close Study Products (The Voice and Teen Vogue) support this view? – Media producers must respond to changing social and cultural contexts to maintain audiences. To what extent does an analysis of the online Close Study Products The Voice and Teen Vogue support this view?
The Voice (Paper 2)	– Media products are shaped by the economic and political contexts in which they are created. To what extent does an analysis of your online, social and participatory Close Study Products (The Voice and Teen Vogue) support this view? – Media producers must respond to changing social and cultural contexts to maintain audiences. To what extent does an analysis of the online Close Study Products The Voice and Teen Vogue support this view?
Metroid: Prime 2 Echoes (Paper 2)	– To what extent do video game makers target audiences through changing representations? Refer to Close study products Tomb Raider Anniversary and Metroid Prime 2 Echoes to support your answer – Media effects theories argue that the media has the power to shape the audience’s box thoughts and behaviour. How valid do you find the claims made by effects theories? You should refer to two of the Close Study Products (Tomb Raider Anniversary, Metroid: Prime 2 Echoes, Sims Freeplay) in your answer -The target audiences for video games change because of the historical and economic contexts in which they are produced. To what extent does an analysis of the Close Study Products Tomb Raider: Anniversary and The Sims FreePlay support this statement?
Tomb Raider Anniversary (Paper 2)	– To what extent do video game makers target audiences through changing representations? Refer to Close study products Tomb Raider Anniversary and Metroid Prime 2 Echoes to support your answer – Media effects theories argue that the media has the power to shape the audience’s box thoughts and behaviour. How valid do you find the claims made by effects theories? You should refer to two of the Close Study Products (Tomb Raider Anniversary, Metroid: Prime 2 Echoes, Sims Freeplay) in your answer – The target audiences for video games change because of the historical and economic contexts in which they are produced. To what extent does an analysis of the Close Study Products Tomb Raider: Anniversary and The Sims FreePlay support this statement?
The Sims Freeplay (Paper 2)	– Media effects theories argue that the media has the power to shape the audience’s box thoughts and behaviour. How valid do you find the claims made by effects theories? You should refer to two of the Close Study Products (Tomb Raider Anniversary, Metroid: Prime 2 Echoes, Sims Freeplay) in your answer – The target audiences for video games change because of the historical and economic contexts in which they are produced. To what extent does an analysis of the Close Study Products Tomb Raider: Anniversary and The Sims FreePlay support this statement?
Men’s Health (Paper 2)	– Media products often challenge the social and cultural contexts in which they are created. To what extent does an analysis of the Close Study Products (Men’s Health, Oh Comely) support this view? – In a digital world, print magazines have little appeal. To what extent do you agree with this statement? You should refer to the magazine Close Study Products Oh Comely and Men’s Health to support your answer. – Postcolonial theory suggests that media representations are shaped by the racial and ethnic hierarchies that still exist in society. How valid is postcolonial theory in explaining the representations in magazines? You should refer to the magazine Close Study Products Oh Comely and Men’s Health in your answer.
Oh Comely (Paper 2)	– Media products often challenge the social and cultural contexts in which they are created. To what extent does an analysis of the Close Study Products (Men’s Health, Oh Comely) support this view? – In a digital world, print magazines have little appeal. To what extent do you agree with this statement? You should refer to the magazine Close Study Products Oh Comely and Men’s Health to support your answer. – Postcolonial theory suggests that media representations are shaped by the racial and ethnic hierarchies that still exist in society. How valid is postcolonial theory in explaining the representations in magazines? You should refer to the magazine Close Study Products Oh Comely and Men’s Health in your answer.