1. well acted
2. well written
3. appealing scenery
4. good lead to climax
5. strong actor chemistry
6. interesting plot
7. more than 1 genre eg comedy, drama
8. showcases social and cultural contexts within newspaper companies

Broadcasting -communicating with loads of people

Narrowcasting – communicating with a niche audiences

populism – based off what majority want – giving people what they want

paternalism- people with authority restrict freedom on others with rules, regulations and set plans.

There’s on going disputes within the BBC about populism and paternalism due to which would be more beneficial for the BBC as a whole.

ethos- the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its attitudes and aspirations

Ethos of BBC- to inform, entertain and educate

BBC charter has a royal charter which sets out the arrangements for governance of the British broadcast corporation.

The start of television- Grace Wyndham Goldie said how it transforms time and space, for example your at home they’re in a studio when they did shooting a week ago and you can watch it there. Not live.

transforms the public sphere – habermas

Lord Reith came up with the BBCs Ethos of to inform educate and entertain.

Fear of new technology and people were unaware and scared of what this technology could bring.

BBC acted like a social cement, it was so important everyone connected and communicated because and about it.

Habermas

treating the digital public sphere the same way we treat radio and TV seems wrong. Unlike radio and TV, which are broadcast on a limited resource – called “spectrum” – the internet is unbounded, limitless

The BBC’s online endeavours have always been contentious: at the beginning because they only benefitted the small percentage of licence fee payers who had got themselves online; later because they were accused of taking business away from commercial online content providers.

sense of time, BBC made everyone aware it was 1pm for example so people would change clocks

created communication between social classes.

jean seaton

what is broadcasting – “the concept of broadcasting has always been of a comprehensive service of characters, with the duty of public cooperation of to bringing public awareness to a whole range of activity and expression developed in society.”

the state and broadcasting

noted that the government were under constant suspicion of using an opportunity to its own advantage within the broadcasting world

accountability within broadcasting

the public had a problem with the chairman of the BBC not because he was the chair man of the institution but because he had government power.

independant professionals

the public couldn’t rely on the quality of the broadcasting as to-do so one must ignore the pressures which determine the broadcasting choices.

independant broadcasters

arguements that is is functional anf fully in control

other side of argument is same independences poses a serious threat to political institutions.

choice vs public service

commercial broadcasting isn’t based on programs to audience but audience to advertisers.

Curran and Seaton

Curran and Seaton suggest that profit driven motives take precedence over creativity in the world of commercial media.

Broadcasting is to a mass audience

Narrowcasting is to a niche audience

10 things for quality broadcasting

Professional:

Sound Design,

mise-en-scene,

cinematography

editing

A decent budget in order to use quality equipment

Character development and depth

A well-rounded narrative which will captivate viewers

Professional writing, unpredictable

Frankfurt school – we must use our free time to help develop ourselves and not do what we want to as it is manipulating our minds and hiding the truths of the world

The Royal Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The current Charter began on 1 January 2017 and ends on 31 December 2027.

The Government will carry out a mid-term review of the Charter, focussing on governance and regulatory arrangements. This review is not a full Charter Review and so will not look at the BBC’s mission, purpose or the method by which it is funded.

The Agreement

The Agreement between the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport and the BBC sits alongside the Charter. It provides further detail on many of the topics outlined in the Charter including the BBC’s funding and its regulatory duties.

The Agreement runs coterminous to the Charter but can be amended during the Charter period subject to the agreement of the Secretary of State and the BBC.

Ethos

The public service ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism is the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

James curran theory – this theory argues that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate which storngly relates to how the bbc is run and operated

lunt and livingstone think the needs of a citizen are in conflict with the needs of the consumer, because protection can limit freedom which could relate to the bbc ethos as they control what what the viewr watches

lord reith’s founding principles of the bbc (the ethos) are still used today

Lord Reith and early days of BBC 10:41 – 13:05

lord reith’s founding principles of the bbc (the ethos) are still used today

The start of BBC Television 14:00 – 16:00 Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space. through television being able to see soemthing very far away just as it happens

1. The fear of new technology 16:00 – 16:30 what are the fears around new technologies?
2. The centre of everything 18:40 – 19:58 – is that still the case now?

the bbc is like social cement

How did the bbc transform the public sphere through changing peoples perceptions on what they could become when they heard people like the king on radio that they would of never heard before

Broadcasting is to a mass audience

Narrowcasting is to a niche audience

10 things for quality broadcasting

Professional:

Sound Design,

mise-en-scene,

cinematography

editing

A decent budget in order to use quality equipment

Character development and depth

A well-rounded narrative which will captivate viewers

Professional writing, unpredictable

The Royal Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The current Charter began on 1 January 2017 and ends on 31 December 2027.

The Government will carry out a mid-term review of the Charter, focussing on governance and regulatory arrangements. This review is not a full Charter Review and so will not look at the BBC’s mission, purpose or the method by which it is funded.

The Agreement

The Agreement between the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport and the BBC sits alongside the Charter. It provides further detail on many of the topics outlined in the Charter including the BBC’s funding and its regulatory duties.

The Agreement runs coterminous to the Charter but can be amended during the Charter period subject to the agreement of the Secretary of State and the BBC.

Ethos

The public service ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism is the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

john reith

Frankfurt School

Theodor Adorno explained that Leisure time should be used productively instead of recreational entertainment. This exhibits the idea of Populism and paternalism.

Habermas, transformation of public sphere

the BBC allowed a transformation of the public sphere by changing the notions of time and space

Jean Seaton- theory of Public

One cause of the collapse of the principle of public service broadcasting has been the deterioration in the relationship between the state and broadcasting institutions.

In principle, Mrs Thatcher and her supporters are in favour of de-regulation, competition and choice. They are distrustful, of plans to allow people to listen and watch what they like, subject only to the law of the land. They espouse the market system but they dislike the libertarian value judgements involved in its operation. judgements which underlie the peacock report. the peacock report exposed many of the contradictions of the Thatcherite espousal of market forces.

peacock report is a book written by Richard Collins in 2009

broadcasting – for a mass audience

narrowcasting – to a niche audience

10 key elements

Re-cap of Press:

Acting	Was of good quality, believable
Lighting	Good quality
Camera angles	Good camera angles
Editing	Editing was mostly good but felt rushed towards end.
Storyline	Sometimes the plot line of each episode was weak and didn’t have much progression
Set	amazing set
sound	quality sound
props	appropriate – fine details
costume	appropriate costume – realistic
script	good dialogue

What is the BBC charter What three things does it say the BBC must do?The BBC’s mission is defined by​​Royal Charter​: to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which ​inform, educate​and ​entertain​.

The BBC Charter is a royal charter setting out the arrangements for the governance of the British Broadcasting Corporation

what is the difference between populism and paternalism

Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.

Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm.

bbc set themselves up to say what is good for you

lord reith’s founding principles still influence the bbc today. he didnt even know what broadcasting is.

• Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere
• Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting
• James Curran – Power and Responsibility
• Sonia Livingston – regulation of media organisations
• Noam Chomsky – manufacturing consent

1. Lord Reith and early days of BBC 10:41 – 13:05
2. The start of BBC Television 14:00 – 16:00 Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space. habermas and helping audiences make decisions
3. The fear of new technology what are the fears around new technologies?
4. The centre of everything – is that still the case now? no other forms of mass media

29 mil ppl watched queens funeral

bbc is like social cement

links to frankfurter school – they talk about culture industry and how we need to use our free/ leisure time productively meaning to develop ourselves and rather than do what we choose(populism).

habermas – transformation of the public sphere bbc

transformation of time and space

• the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives,
• the link between individuals and celebrities, royalty, politicians etc,
• the connection towards major events – Cup Finals, Coronations, abdications, funerals, economic unrest etc,
• the way in which BBC acts as ‘social cement’

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere– The idea that the media such as BBC transforms people’s (audience) lives in a way to help them make connections with people in the media, such as the royal family.

Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting

“broadcasting in britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good “

Beveridge – ” the work of broadcasting should be regarded as a public service for a social purpose”

” the concept of broadcasting has always been of service , comprehensive in character, with the duty of a public corporation of bringing to public awareness the whole range of activity and expression developed in soceity”

“one cause of the collapse of the principle of pbs has been the deterioration in the relationship between state and broadcasting”

“the independence of broadcasting from the state has recently been seen as the most important condition of the services accountability “

newsbeat

Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.
To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?

1. The BBC is a Public Service Broadcaster, funded via the TV license fee. No advertisements.
2. Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.
3. bbc ethos is to inform,educate,entertain
4. In terms of demographics, the BBC Trust claims Radio 1 targets people who are aged 15-29. However, RAJAR suggests the average listener is actually 30:
5. According to Statista, Radio 1 reached just under 9 million listeners every week in the first quarter of 2020.
6. Newsbeat producers responded to the challenge of traditional print media by serving content on their website, YouTube channel, Twitter account and Instagram profile. Taking a multi-platform approach ensures the product remains relevant to its audience.
7. bbc has a responsibility of for public service

i want to argue that the BBC producers have encoded meanings and values into their texts which is then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our indivudual frameworks of knowledge as stuart hall suggested in his reception thory. This is seen in Newsbeat as they have had to compete against stereotypical and print media and the conventions of radio news channels

Stuart Hall argued producers encoded meaning and values into their texts which was then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our individual frameworks of knowledge. / Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.

Broadcasting- Large audience

Narrowcasting – Small audience

10 Key Elements – Press

Populism– political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism– the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

Frankfurt School– German school of social theory, guy believed free time should be used to better yourself instead of distracting/ entertaining yourself

10 Key Elements of quality television:

• Professional, convincing acting
• Interesting characters with quality, interesting character development
• Good editing to keep flow of the production professional and easy to understand
• Good cinematography
• Good lighting
• Intriguing, well-written story and script
• Unpredictable and unique
• Memorable
• Emotional connection
• Captivating story line

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting

Broad – For everyone

Narrow – A niche target audience

BBC Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

• Was radio during early stages
• Made 1922
• First director: Lord John Reith – set and made its ethos
• He was an engineer
• The ethos had 3 main principals : Educate, Entertain, Inform

Ethos of the BBC

• “opening up new worlds to people” Cecil Lewis

Populism vs Paternalism

• Populism: Giving people what want and enjoy. Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.
• Paternalism: Giving the people something that other people believe is good for you. What people need.

Grace Wyndham Goldie

• Particularly in the fields of politics and current affairs. During her career at the BBC, she was one of the few senior women in an establishment dominated by men.
• Changing the nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space

BBC became social cement, British culture was centered around the BBC

Habermas, transformation of the public sphere

The public sphere is a realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.

BBC was a realm for communication and was the first instance where the public was involved and included in political debate as well as being able to further educate and inform themselves and it being a source for free entertainment, allowed this massive transformation of the public sphere to occur. A shared knowledge of the world through advancements in technology and became social cement, inbedded in British culture.

• Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.
• Can be seen as an arena for public debate
• A new public engaged in critical political discussion

Jean Seaton PSB

• “depended on a set of linked and radical expansions”
• “the BBC creating an image of its audience as ‘participants’ in the great affairs of the nation…”

Broadcasting in Britain – Monopoly or Duopoly?

The BBC held a monopoly on television in Britain from its introduction until 1954 and on radio until 1972

• “Depends on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good”

1977 Annan Report says:

“became a…. free market place in which balance could be achieved through the competition of multiplicity of independent voices.”

• Double think, according to George Orwell, illustrates peoples views on broadcasting at the time

Ownership Effects – James Curran & Jean Seaton

• “twin forces of creativity and business”
• profit driven motives take precedence”

lord wreath- bbc to have an ethos (belief )

entertain inform and education- bbc ethos

BBC charter- to oversee them.

populism- giving the people what they want

• bbc allows for shared opinions and beliefes from he spread of knowledge and news..
• habermans (transformation of the public shpere)- allows people to transform space and time, by interacting with people hundres of miles away at the same time.

quote from seaton–

” i am free to say anything i want, except the one thing i do want to say then i am not free.. in broadcasting a single prohibition emposed on a nation broadcasting authority or within it tends to corode the whole output. – meaning that broadcasters are ‘free’ to say what they want, through their rights but additionally if they speak their opinion that the government or people don’t agree with, then they will be heavily critised.

-choice- ‘real choices offered to consumers by a more effective market”.

james curren quotes

” the radical press with spread their agenda to effect political press”

” profit driven motives take precvidence”

”twin forces of creativity and business”’

BBC- paternalism approach- the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest. ( restricting people with good intentions nut can have negative consequences.)

– grace winden goldie- noting the most significant thing about broadcasting changes the ideology of time and space. life was lived in the present but with new technology allows us to listen and watch a moment in time whenever you want even the moment its happening

the way in which the bbc became social cement everyone and British culture was centred around the bbc.

broadcasting- to a broad amount of people- mass media, large audience.

narrow casting- niche group.

Press:

convincing acting-

character development-

writing quality-

sound prodcution-

camera quality-

set-

lighting quality-

editing-

What makes quality television?

• Understandable script/story
• Good acting
• Interesting plot
• Good cinematography
• Good editing
• Good lighting
• Interesting characters/character development
• Educates the audience
• Sense of escapism

Broadcasting – communicating with a variety of people

Narrowcasting – small / niche audience

THE BBC

• Founded in 1992
• Started with radio [tv came later]
• Lord Reith was the first director of the BBC
• His ethos [belief/mission statement] for the BBC had 3 main principles
  • Inform, educate and entertain
• To oversee due diligence and regulation, the UK government reviews a charter: to ensure the BBC stay inline

The Royal Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The current Charter began on 1 January 2017 and ends on 31 December 2027.

The Government will carry out a mid-term review of the Charter, focussing on governance and regulatory arrangements. This review is not a full Charter Review and so will not look at the BBC’s mission, purpose or the method by which it is funded.

Habermas – Transformation of the public sphere – the transformation of time and space, the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives

The control mechanism of mass media and sharing information was creating a restricted public sphere. 

Ethos

The public service ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism is the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

https://hautlieucreative.co.uk/media23al/wp-content/uploads/sites/58/2022/11/Seaton-PSB-1.pdf

“But broadcasting organisations have to back their field, and put their money on the leading horses which line up at the starting game”

“The concept of broadcasting has always been of a service, comprehensive in character, with the duty of a public cooperation of bringing to public awareness the whole range of activity and expression developed in society “

“The only information about viewers that seriously affects producers is knowledge of the size of the audience”

“The pursuit of profit rather than excellence is more likely to dominate”

“The media industry is driven, Curran and Seaton tells us, by the twin forces of creativity and business”

“Those we call the media’s business managers are responsible for ensuring the profitability and commercial viability of products”

“Commercial broadcasting is based not on the sale of programmes to the audience, but on the sale of audiences to advertisers”

“The success of horizontal and vertical integration means that most commercial print, film and TV based in America and the UK is now controlled by just 6 global players: CBS, Comcast, Disney, News Corporation, Time Warner and Viacom”

1. good acting
2. good characters
3. an interesting plot
4. well-written screenplay
5. consistent themes

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting

Broadcasting – communicating with a large audience
Narrowcasting – communicating with a niche audience

The Ethos of the BBC

“to inform, entertain and educate“

Populism and Paternalism

Populism – giving people what they enjoy, even if it is harmful
Paternalism – advising people what is best, even if it is distasteful

Transformation of the Public Sphere

The transformation of time and space allows a connection between people and places worldwide

Jean Seaton

“public service regulation has secured the survival of a successful broadcasting industry, one which has become more significant economically and which has become an important exporter of programmes while continuing to discuss and mould national issues” – p341

“broadcasting in Britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good” – p342

“successive reports developed the idea of broadcasting as a public service – catering for all sections of the community, reaching all parts of the country regardless of cost, seeking to educate, inform and improve, and prepared to lead public opinion rather than follow it.” – p343

“The media landscape has fallen under the control of a handful of global media conglomerates.” – p125

“profit driven motives take precedence.”

Broadcasting is the dissemination of information across a more global audience whereas narrowcasting is across a more narrow/smaller audience

Is Press Quality Television?
1.Well acted
2.Coherent Story
3.Well edited to keep the shows mood and tempo/flow/pace
4.Good cinematography
5.Good lighting
6.Well structured

Populism is creating/shaping something around what people want whereas Paternalism is creating/shaping something around what people should have

The BBC ethos is to Inform, Educate and Entertain
The BBC charter is how they follow this ethos
They go against populism and have a more paternalistic approach to what they create.

People were concerned about the new technologies and what they would do.

Grace Wyndham Goldie – Television “transforms time and space”
Habermas – Transforms the public sphere

People feared and mistrusted this new technology

BBC acted like a “social cement”