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what’s the similarities and differences between culture industries and other industries?

  • culture industries take similar ideas from each other and at a unique twist to make it different, this means that people wont get bored as they are familiar with some parts of it, but are enticed by the differences. They are not the same, but they use very similar techniques and ideas to ensure that people are watching/ consuming them.
  • other industries like the finance industry all do the same thing with barely any difference. they all provide advice, loans etc.
  • they both try and sell stuff.
  • culture industries provide information and emotions
  • ‘play a pivotal role in the way in which people make sense of the world’ – peter Golding and graham Murdock

commercial media – when a company is in no connection to the government and its purpose is to make money

public service media – when the government fund and regulate what the companies do

transnational media – when media can be sheared across nations

civil society media –

Public service broadcasting

= multi media television and radio programmes that are broadcast to provide (ethos) information, advice, education or entertainment to the public without trying to make a profit.

The general public pay for a tv license which is given to the government, the government then fund the production of the tv series and films.

accessibility

Exam Prep, Notes, Television, Theory

television exam prep

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KEY THEORISTS

  • Hesmondhalgh (The Creative Industries)
  • Curran and Seaton (Ownership)
  • Livingstone and Lunt (Regulation)

The Culture Industries: similarities and differences to other industries

  • Cultural industries are for entertainment more than they are functional. They are not a necessity to someone’s everyday life.
  • Just like any other industry, cultural industries have a main focus or earning money.
  • Cultural industries have the power to inform and provoke/influence beliefs/opinions which also helps to provoke popular culture – popular doesn’t always mean good.
  • There is more freedom involved within media – versatile and unpredictable
  • golding and murdoch- ” (media) plays a pivotal role in organizing the images and discourse through which people make sense of the world.”

Capitalist media – corporations content that address humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.

  • Funded through advertisements.
  • No state obligations, private
  • Audiences don’t have to pay

Public Service media – state-related institutions content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making. (e.g BBC)

  • Government is at an ‘arms length’ from the media, they don’t control it but advise and ‘look after’ the content, public.
  • Funded by the public/ tax payer. Through TV License for BBC in the UK.
  • No advertisements shown.
  • Examples = BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation – Regional), Channel 4

Civil society media – citizen-control content that addresses humans in various social role and results in meaning-making.

  • Has aspects of the company worldwide
  • Examples = Netflix, Sony, Apple, Disney

Public service Broadcasting:

Q1) what is it?

– Broadcasting on electronic media outlets (radio, television) with the aim of serving the public.

– Funding usually comes from the government through tax payed by the receivers.

Q2) what’s good about it?

– No ads

– The bedrock is inform, educate and entertain.

– Its very diverse and caters to everyone.

– easily accessible

– its not biased

Q3) is it unique?

– familiar – part of national identity to the UK – trusted and supported by many and is a very unique form of PSB along with channel 4

Curran and Seaton:

  • Commercial broadcasting is based on the sale of audiences to advertisers” – Commercial broadcasters (such as ITV) need to secure long term advertising revenue to survive programming. – Jean Seaton. – need for an active audience. – money wins (profit-driven)
  • ”profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity in the world of commercial media”.
  • “power without responsibility” – book by Curran and Seaton – first published in 1981- explores themes of how the media landscape has fallen under the control of the few global conglomerates.
  • Benefits of Horizontal integration: Production costs can be minimised/ Sharing resources/ controlling the market (influential as they own most of the resources)
  • Benefits of Vertical Integration: production divisions/distribution services/subsidiary support – finance and promotional services. control over all aspects of the production chain/restricting access to competitors/cross-media ownership synergies.
  • Curran suggests that the relationships between big businesses and government – suggesting power of concentrated media ownership has forced political parties and form cosy relationships with the media. in order to get favourable press charge.

Audience, Genre, Institution, Narrative, Television

Television – Revision

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Difference between culture industries and other industries:

  • Media industries don’t have a set structure and can be creative free. In other words, there isn’t a set of rules that specifically apply to culture industries. Free roam of creativity. Other industries have a set of rules they follow, for example in a bakery, you are told what to make and how to make it, but culture industries act as a dog being let of a leash.
  • Culture industries supply people with information they may need. For example, the weather channel tells people what the weather is and they determine what people where/take to work (umbrella if its raining). Whereas, other industries
  • One (other industries) necessity and another (Culture industries) is for entertainment.
  • A bakery is predictability as they repeat what they make however culture industries are vertile.
  • Information (Culture industries) plays a pivot role in the way it organises peoples sense of the world. – Golding and Murdock

Similarity’s between culture industries and other industries:

  • Both industries produce their products for money for the business.
  • Both are jobs for people for income.

Media Ownership:

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

Public Service Broadcasting:

  • What is public service broadcasting? – Public service broadcasting is a public television service presented to citizens, that is funded by a TV licence fees from the government. It is also diverse as it has to cater for multiple ages groups and likings. It has to live up to “Inform, educate and entertain” and live up to quality standards. Often state run, and state funded.
  • What is unique about BBC and C4? –
  • What is good about the BBC – No ads. Diverse (Choose what channel you wants). Is free to watch in parts. Familiar to British people and is part as the British’s peoples identity’s as well it is a long and proud tradition within the UK. Not all controlled by the government and is critical of the government.
  • What is the criticism of the BBC? – Pay for TV license and people don’t want to pay for it. May not be 100% accurate.
  • CSP – James Curran and Jean Seaton.

Essay – Industries, PSB/ Curran and Seaton, CSP (Channel 4 – No Offence)/ Hesmondhalgh/ Audience (pg 1-4, not in book)

Advertising, Television

what is the difference between the cultural industries and other industries.

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Rules

Creative Freedom

In most Industries there is little to no creative freedom. You have to follow an extremely strict set of rules, and if you don’t follow those rules, you will fail in the eyes of your employer. However, in the culture industry, you have much more creative freedom to express your-self.

The Three Types of Media Ownership

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

‘Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world’

Television

The missing

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No. in
series		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers
(millions) [15]
1“Come Home”Ben ChananHarry Williams & Jack Williams12 October 20169.20

Episode description –

In 2003 Alice Webster is abducted in Germany, where her father is stationed on a British Army base. In 2014, just before Christmas, a barefoot and traumatised Alice re-appears in the same town, suffering from acute appendicitis. She claims that she was held captive with a French girl, Sophie Giroux, who went missing around the same time. Retired French detective Julien Baptiste, an expert on the Giroux case, investigates. He suspects that she may not be Alice.

Language

Media form – TV

Moving Image

Genre / Type – Crime Drama

Steve Neale ‘Corpus’ ‘repertoire’ + elements

Similarities + differences

Levi – Strauss

‘Enigma’ – Bartes

Todorov / Freytag pyramid

Audiences

Exposition

End – cliff hanger

Propp

  • Victim
  • Princess
  • Hero

Production

David Hesmondhalgh states that media is a ‘risky business, so to reduce risk The Missing and Witnesses use well-known plot devices and tropes which appeal to a wide audience.

Exam Prep, Notes, Television

CSP – TELEVISION (ESSAY PREP)

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No Offence (UK)

  •  The show was first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2015. It acquired over 2.5 million viewers. This was Channel 4’s biggest launch of a mid-week drama in over 3 years. It ran for 3 series, finishing in 2018.
  • Channel 4 is publicly owned (owned by the state) and commercially funded (funded through advertisements).
  • From Channel 4’s website; “Channel 4 was created to be a disruptive, innovative force in UK broadcasting.” “We have a unique public service remit to represent unheard voices.”
  • No Offence was broadcast on ‘France2’, the public service broadcaster. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group. The show was first broadcast in February 2016, with 5.46 million viewers.
  • No Offence is produced by ‘AbbotVision’.
  • ‘AbbotVision’ was the independent producer of Shameless (set in Manchester, the programme ran for eleven series and aired from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013, it was released in many different countries).
  • The shows creator ‘Paul Abbott’ said, in a 2017 guardian article, said that his previous project Shameless “Became too hysterical. I was glad to see it off”.
  • (Steve Neale) No Offence uses the same genre conventions of Shameless, being a ‘skittish’ show which provides its comedy elements through ‘profane anecdotes’ and ‘rat-a-tat laughter’. Linking to how creatives stick to the same or similar conventions as a way of building up a loyal fan base who will continue to watch and consume
  • Contains all of the codes and conventions of a police drama —> Caution tape, missing people, sirens.
  • Many different narrative strands that help move the main plot line along. Example: The elderly woman accusing her grandson, Down syndrome man talking about his relationship.
  • Perhaps the appeal to an international audience is a deliberate strategy. Not only representing the working class British area of Manchester, the programme represents the polish community in the UK through the female protagonist being from a Polish background and also the use of the language. These identities are also used as a selling point internationally through the appeal of difference.
  • Social Realist films = Films that emphasise the link between location and identity.
  • National style but is also popular in Europe


The Killing (Forbydelsen, Denmark/Germany)

  • Søren Sveistrup, series creator, worked closely with lead actress Sofie Gråbøl, who was stunt casted to aid marketing for the series, throughout the writing process to develop her character.
  • Danish is the official language in Denmark. It is spoke by approximately 6 million people worldwide.
  • The show was originally released in 2007, in Denmark on ‘DR1’ a channel under the ‘Danish Broadcasting Cooperation (DR)’.
  • Produced by DR and German company ZDF, the police drama was created and written by Søren Sveistrup.
  • This allowed more opportunity for global networking and international release, bringing more viewers and therefore, money.
  • Following the global success of the show after being released by BBC4 for viewing in the UK in 2011, production of American and Turkish versions took place.
  • Alike to No Offence, The Killing was designed to exploit the economic possibilities offered by a global market. However, the shows social media presence wasn’t wide spread, only having a Facebook account.
  • Sarah Lund (the protagonist) is presented in both a ‘feminine and masculine sense’, she follows the stock character of the hero and is a familiar detective character.

Representations

  • Female protagonists (Sarah Lund in The Killing and Viv and Dinah in No Offence) with authoritative power and autonomy in high up detective roles at the forefront of both stories juxtaposes the binary norm of men dominating these positions in society or how society perceives how being ‘tough’, ‘masculine’ and showing strength are particularly male traits. Judith Butler expresses how society creates an identity stereotype for which we fall into based on our biological sex which codes for our masculine or feminine gender identity. Gender is performance and is fluid, not fixed. These representations subvert the need for a male detective lead.