Category Archives: Research

Filters

Author:
Category:

THEORY REVISION

SEMIOTICS

ROLAND BARTHES – Concept 1: Denotation and Connotation

Barthes’ tells us by using a ‘denotative reading’ is how viewers decode media products. This occurs when a reader recognises the literal and physical content, e.g. an older man with his fist in the air, the style and colour of clothing. After this, readers quickly move beyond the recognition of the product and engage with what he calls ‘cognitive decoding.’ This refers to the deeper understanding prompted by advertisers to the emotional, symbolic/ideological significances, e.g. the older man’s fist may suggest defiance or aggression, the clothes may suggest a class.

WHEN LOOKING AT A MEDIA TEXT:

Image Features:Look out for:
POSE
(Subject positioning, stance or body language)
Breaking the 4th wall creates: confrontational/aggressive or invitational feel.
Off screen gaze: Right side – adventure/optimism. Left side – regret/nostalgia.
Body language: strong/weak/passive/active/open/closed
Subject Positioning: Where the person/people stand.
Proxemics: Their distance from people/things.
MISE-EN-SCENE
(Props, costume and setting)
Symbolic Props: rarely accidental
Pathetic fallacy: weather connotations to add meaning – character’s thoughts/tone
Costume Symbolism: Stereotypes help to decipher a character’s narrative function
LIGHTING CONNOTATIONSHigh-Key lighting: no shadows – positive and upbeat with a lighter feel
Low-Key lighting: Serious/ sad/moody connotations.
Chiaroscuro lighting: contrast lighting (light sharply cuts through darkness) – hopelessness/mystery
Ambient: infers realism
COMPOSITIONAL EFFECTS
(Shot distance, positioning of subjects in the frame)
Long shots: dominated their environment
Close-ups: intensifies emotions/impending drama
Open/closed frames: open- freedom, closed – entrapment
POSTPRODUCTION EFFECTSColour control: Red- anger, white – innocence
High saturation: Vibrant colours – cheerful
Desaturation: Dull colours – serious/sombre

Barthes’ recognised that text also gave meaning. He says it helps to ‘anchor’ image meanings in advertisements. Without anchorage, media imagery is likely to produce polysemic connotations (multiple meanings).

“a vice which holds the connotated meanings from proliferating”

Concept 2: The media’s ideological effect

Barthes’ suggests media replaces/replicates functions of myth making. The press, television, advertising, radio – convey the same sort of authority as myths and induce similar ideological effects. Anonymisation of myths shows it’s a collective view rather than singular –> media replicates this.

Naturalisation: Media products present ideas as natural/fact/common sense. When a range of media texts repeat the same idea, audience believe it is a fact rather than perspective, social norm.

Media myths are reductive: Media simplifies and reduces/purifies ideas to make it more digestible. – message reduction discourages audiences to question and analyse thoroughly.

Media myths reinforce existing social power structures: “the oppressor has everything, his language is rich, multiform, supple.” Those who have power tend to control the myth making process through the privileged access – maintain illusion that the system that benefits the powerful is naturally ordered and unchangeable.

C.S PEIRCE:

Peirce did not believe that signification was a straightforward binary relationship between a sign and an object, he viewed this innovative part of his triad as how we perceive or understand a sign and its relationship to the object it is referring to. The representamen in Peirce’s theory is the form the sign takes, which is not necessarily a material or concrete object. Peirce theorised that we interpret symbols according to a rule, a habitual connection. ‘The symbol is connected with its object because the symbol-user and a sign exists mainly due to the fact that it is used and understood. Peirce’s triad of signs concludes of:

Icon – A sign that looks like an object/person, e.g picture of a lamp.

Index – A sign that has a link to its object, e.g smoke and fire.

Symbol – A sign that has a more random link to its object, e.g colour, shape

FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE:

According to Saussure theory of signs, signifier and signified make up of signs. A sign is composed of both a material form and a mental concept. The signifier is the material form, i.e., something that can be heard, seen, smelled, touched or tasted, whereas the signified is the mental concept associated with it. C.S Peirce based his research off of Saussure.

Signifier – Stands in for something else.

Signified -Idea being evoked by signifier.

Comparison between ‘war of the worlds’ and ‘newsbeat’

THEMENEWSBEATWAR OF THE WORLDS
OWNERSHIPBBC, (PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING) GOVERNMENT, BBC BOARD (TRUSTEES) DIRECT GENERAL , FIRST BEING (LORD RITHE),MULTIMEDIA, CROSS MEDIA, TRANSNATIONAL TRANSGLOBAL, NOT A MONOPOLY, THERE IS A CONCENTRATION OF OWNERSHIP SMALL NUMBER OF FANS WHO OWN TV AND RADIO EVEN THOUGH THEIR ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT STATIONS. I THINK THE BBC COMES FROM A LEFT WING LIBERTARIAN IDEOLOGY.PRIVATE COMPANY, TRANSNATIONAL, IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF CONCENTRATION OF OWNERSHIP E.G. A COUPLE OF COMPANYS THAN OWN A COUPLE OF CARTERS. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INTERGRATION.
HABERMASTRANFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE, MEDIA IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING WITH THE BBC KEEPING UP. BBC INTWENTIONS TO ENSHRINED IN THEIR ETHOS TO INFORM, ENTERTAIN AND EDUCATE. DOESN’T MAKE A PROFIT. THEY PUT SOME MONEY BACK INTO THE PROGRAMME AS HABERMAS EXPLAINS THE NOTION OF TRANSFORMING THE PUBLIC. IT IS PATERNALISTIC.PRIVATE BUSINESS’S ARE AIMED AT MAKING A PROFIT. THEY TEND TO CARE MORE ABOUT PROFIT RATHER THAN THE PUBLIC SO THEY ARE MORE CONCERNED WITH ENTERTAINMENT THAN EDUCATION. COMMERCIAL ETHOS IS NOT IN THE SPIRIT OF HABERMAS.
CHOMSKYCHOMSKY TEACHES THE CAPACITY TO LEARN AND USE LANGAUGES AS THEIR ARE STRENGTHS AS HUMANS GROW AND DEVELEOP WHICH LINKS WITH NEWSBEAT AS THEY ARE TRYING TO ENTERTAIN BUT INFORMING THE AUDIENCE FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT. FOR THE WAR OF THE WORLDS THEY ARE INFORMING THE AUDIENCE TO MUCH WITH KNOWLEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING RATHER THAN ENTERTAINING THEM. THIS IS BECAUSE DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT LANGUAGE UPON OTHERS AND FIND IT EASIER TO REACT CALMLY AND DISTUINGISH WHAT IS TRUE OR NOT. THIS IS KNOWN AS UNIVERSAL GRAMMER.
REGULATIONOFCOM, BBC CHARTER GOVERNED BY PARLIAMENT , LICENSE FEE REGULATES BBC AS WELL. BBC/PSB ETHOS TO ENTERTAIN, TO INFORM AND TO EDUCATE (REITH), NEW TECHNOLOGY MEANS BBC FACES MORE COMPETETION.FEDREAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AS REGULATOR FOR PRIAVTE BUSINESS WHICH IS NOT REALLY IN THE PUBLIC INTERESTS.
AUDIENCE (ACTIVE/PASSIVE)NEWSBEAT ENCOURAGING ACTIVE ‘USES AND GRATIFICATION’ MODEL PERSONAL NEEDS ESCAPISM, ENTERTAINMENT, SELF ESTEEM AND SOCIAL NEEDS. INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE WORLD, CONNECTING WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS AND COMMUNITY. WAR OF THE WORLDS RAISES DEBATE AROUND AUDIENCE AS PASSIVE OR ACTIVE ( E.G. LASSWELL, LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION LIKE A HYPODERMIC SYRINGE) E.G. WITHOUT THINKING OR REFLECTING ON WHAT WE ARE TOLD.
AUDIENCE (LAZARSFELD)THE 2 STEP FLOW / OPINION LEADERS HOW WE GRAVITATE TO PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME IDEAS AS OURSELVES. SO THE BBC IS AN UNBIASED, INFORMED OPINION LEADERR ( E.G. BBC CHARTER FOCUS ON IMPARTIALITY, ACCURATE, TRUE.ORSEN WELLS UNREGULATED OPINION LEADER. IF AUDIENCE SEEKING FACTS OR TRUTH ABOUT SPACE AND WAR THEY WOULD SEEK OPINION LEADERS FROM GOVERNMENT OR SCIENCE.
AUDIENCE (HALL)THE BBES IS ALSO THE WORLD’S LARGEST NATIONAL BROADCASTER WITH A HUGE INFRASTUCTURE, SUCH AS CAMERAS, STUDIO SPACE, LIGHTING RIGS AND PORTABLE PRODUCTION UNITS SITUATED ACROSS THE COUNTRY. IT IS CERTAINLY HAS THE NECESSARY MEANS OF PRODUCTION TO INVESTIGATE THE ISSUES AND DEBATES HITTING THE HEADLINES SO EDITORIAL DECISIONS HAVE TO BE MADE ON WHICH STORIES SHOULD FEATURE IN THE NEWS PROGRAMME.
THE RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION REFER TO DIFFERENT CREWS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME.
HALL IS DRAWING ATTENTION TO HOW MESSAGES ARE ENCODED BY THE PRODUCER, NEWSCASTER, CONTENT EDITOR, CAMERA OPERATOR AND OTHER TECHNICIANS WHO HELP BROADCAST THE NEWS. ACCORDING TO HALL’S RECEPTION THEORY, THE MESSAGES BEING ENCODED AND THE SIGNS USED TO DELIVER THIS INFORMATION WILL BE INFLUENCED BY THE PRODUCTION PROCESS.
PREFERRED READING: AUDIENCES UNDERSTAND THAT THIS BROADCAST IS CONSTRUCTED AND IS AN ADAPTATION FROM THE BOOK.

OPPOSITIONAL READING: AUDIENCES BELIEVED THE PODCAST WAS REAL AND THEREFORE REACTED NEGATIVELY.
SEATONSEATON MAKES US AWARE OF THE POWER OF THE MEDIA IN TERMS OF BIG COMPANIES WHO OWN TOO MUCH. COMMERCIAL SEATON ALSO MAKES CLEAR THAT BROADCASTERS SELLING AUDIENCES TO PRODCUTS NOT AUDIENCES TO PROGRAMMES ( E.G. NO ADVERTS ON BBC) THEREFORE BBC NOT CHASING BIG EXAGGERATED STORIES. NEWSBEATS SEEKING INFORMED CITIZENS WHO WANT KNOWLEDGE. SEATON TALKS ABOUT RISE AND INEVITABLE NEED FOR COMPETETION WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES WHICH PROVIDES MORE ENTERTAINMENT FOR WIDER AUDIENCES. TARGETS MAINSTREAM SEEKING AUDIENCES.
THE ALLUSION OF CHOICE – “CHOICE, WITHOUT POSITIVE DIRECTION IS MYTH, ALL TOO OFTEN THE MARKET WILL DELIVER MORE – BUT ONLY MORE OF THE SAME. “
CURRANJAMES CURRAN WRITES ABOUT THE IDEAS THAT UNDERPIN THE LIBERAL FREE PRESS, BUT MUCH CAN APPLY TO TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAN) WHICH IN TURN CONNECTS TO ETHOS TO PSB.CONECERNS ABOUT COMMERCIAL INTEREST OF BIG COMPANIES (PRIORITISING PROFITS OVER SOCIAL CONERNS), CONCENTRATION OF OWNERSHIP ALTHOUGH NOT MONOPOLIES, THE SMALL NUMBER OF BIG COMPANIES IS NOT GOOD FOR COMPETITION, DIVERSE RANGE OF VOICES (PLURALITY) AND AUDIENCE CHOICES.
GERBNERCULTIVATION THEOYR SUGGESTS TELEVISION INFLUENCES ITS AUDIENCE TO THE EXTENT THAT THEIR WORLD VIEW AND PERCEPTIONS START REFLECTING WHAT THEY REPEATEDLY SEE MEANING TV IS CONSIDERED INDEPEDENTLY TO THE WAY PEOPLE PERCEIVE SOCIAL REALITY AND WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE AUDIENCES ATTITUDES AND VALUES. GERBNER WOULD STATE THAT THE AUD8ENCES THAT BELIEVED THE BROADCAST ARE LIKELY TO HAVE BEEN FREQUENT LISTENERS OF THE RADIO. THIS IS BECAUSE HIGH – FREQUENCY VIEWERS OF TELEVISION ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MEDIA MESSAGEES AND THE BELIEF THAT THEY ARE REAL AND VALID.

OH! COMELY

Owner: Iceberg Press, an independent publisher, bought Oh Comely (which pivoted from the women’s lifestyle sector to the growing mindfulness sector and renamed Oh)

 ‘Oh is a reimagination of Oh Comely magazine and is still a place to meet new people, hear their stories and hopefully leave you looking at life a little differently.’

Lisa Sykes is the editor, used to work at Hearst UK.

Sykes recalls. “We didn’t like the fact that print dying was becoming a self fulfilling prophecy”

  • First issue 2010
  • Final issue was published September 2021
  • Feminist magazine
  • Niche target market
  • Made 6 copies a year, one every 2 months
  • Average reader age of 27
  1. Institution – who owns it
  2. Examples of specific pages
  3. Language, how it’s laid up, representation
  4. Audiences – who reads it, who it’s for

Lazarsfeld

Ideas of the two-step flow of communication, supplied by Lazarsfeld, says that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them, to a wider population.

In Oh Comely, there is a radical and apposed representation of women, following ideas of Stuart Hall’s theory on the 3 categories of media representation, it empowers them and not sexualising them like most mass media products such as Men’s Health. But in modern times there is an active conversation on feminism and fighting against the patriarchy, so the two-step model can still be applied here. Modern mass media ideas on feminism is being represented and promoted widely throughout the world and being supported by opinion leaders such as Ariana Grande who support ideas on feminism, which in turn allows this product to be relevant, granted, to a niche market with an average reader age of 27, but it still circles back to the same concept, although these ideas can be considered radical, overall, nothing is really radical as the ideas always flow from someone in power, someone who’s opinion is more relevant to someone else’s, and in evaluation, the magazine only exists to generate a profit. A flow of communication used only to profit off the wider population.

More on this:

Use of empowering and active words such as ‘power’, ‘wisdom’, ‘strong’ is used in a feminist manner to empower their readers.

There is a conventional representation of the dominant signifier on the front cover in the fact that she is being posed for the camera and wearing makeup — but on the other hand, it could be considered unconventional as she is wearing light, more natural makeup, nothing that changes her looks much and has a more radical style; short hair and clothes that do not show any skin or show off her body, tackling usual focus on sexualisation on most magazines.

On pages 14-15 it demonstrates a woman who is wearing an ethnic turban which is radical in terms of repressing and going against mainstream, common representations within magazines. This magazine tries to go against control and leaning into repressing the common ideologies in which represent women negatively, this magazine does not represent women in a sexualised way and strays away from Laura Mulvey’s theory on the ‘male gaze’ in which this magazine does not appeal to. It works against the mainstream representations of women who are usually used as tools for promotion and greater sales with the over-sexualisation of women. Further proven on page on all other pages where no sexualisation is featured.

Also the word ‘comely’, an old fashioned word means pretty, but is used as a more modest and subtle way to compliment a woman, in a way that doesn’t sexualise them but rather positively represents them.

This magazine follows an active form of Lasswell’s model of communication and supply’s its readers with a magazine every 2 months, so just 6 a year. Also supporting a self confidence and self-esteem almost escapism feature of one’s personal and and social needs following of the Uses and Gratifications theory of Katz, Hass and Gerevitch.

noam chomsky

So how does this process of ‘manipulation’ or ‘persuasion’ work?

1.Structures of ownership

  • Maybe there is only a few select amount of companies
  • “The first has to do with ownership. Mass media firms are big corporations. Often, they are part of even bigger conglomerates. Their end game? Profit. And so it’s in their interests to push for whatever guarantees that profit. Naturally, critical journalism must take second place to the needs and interests of the corporation.”

2.The role of advertising

  • The propaganda model is a conceptual model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to explain how propaganda and systemic biases function in corporate mass media.

3.Links with ‘The Establishment’

  • Links with higher power
  • (THE MEDIA ELITE)
  • The establishment manages the media through the third filter. Journalism cannot be a check on power because the very system encourages complicity. Governments, corporations, big institutions know how to play the media game. They know how to influence the news narrative. They feed media scoops, official accounts, interviews with the ‘experts’. They make themselves crucial to the process of journalism. So, those in power and those who report on them are in bed with each other.

4.Diversionary tactics – ‘flak’

  • Diverse someone’s attention to something else
  • “If you want to challenge power, you’ll be pushed to the margins. When the media – journalists, whistleblowers, sources – stray away from the consensus, they get ‘flak’. This is the fourth filter. When the story is inconvenient for the powers that be, you’ll see the flak machine in action discrediting sources, trashing stories and diverting the conversation.”

5.Uniting against a ‘common enemy’

  • To manufacture consent, you need an enemy — a target. That common enemy is the fifth filter. Communism. Terrorists. Immigrants. A common enemy, a bogeyman to fear, helps corral public opinion.

Noam Chomsky describes himself as an anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian socialist, and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left wing of politics of the United States.

Chomsky rose to national attention for his anti-war essay “The Responsibility of Intellectuals“. Becoming associated with the New Left, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon‘s Enemies List

What is the manufacturing consent theory?

It argues that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”, by means of the propaganda model of communication …

The 5 Filters of Mass Media Machine

The five filters are:

(1) ownership; (2) advertising; (3) official sources; (4) flak; and (5) marginalizing dissent.

The author discusses the applicability of Herman’s and Chomsky’s propaganda model today.

  1. Ownership: Mass media companies and firms as parts of even bigger conglomerates, as a sole function for profit. In their interest to push what ever increases that profit.
  2. Advertising money: Advertisers are paying for audiences. So their role is to be at the use of mass media conglomerates as a tool to increase profits.
  3. The media Elite: Make themselves crucial to the process of advertising. They are used as a tool to help the processes of media consumption. You cannot challenge power.
  4. Flak machine: discrediting, distorting, challenging and undermining stories.
  5. The common enemy: Helps crowd public opinion, points the finger at the common enemy as a tactic to control the masses.

AGENDA SETTING

FRAMING

MYTH MAKING

CONDITIONS OF CONSUMPTION

Habermas and the Transformation of the Public Sphere

you will need to include this in your essay, as it provides a framework for why we have newspapers, what is the point and purpose of them – the idea of a democratic society enabled by news, information, ideas and debate.

It is argued that “a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opionion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established” 

(p. 82: 1996)

The public sphere is a realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.

  • Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.
  • arena of public debate
  • …the critical reflection fostered by letters and novels, the flowering of discussion in coffee houses and salons and, above all, the emergence of an independent, market-based press.
  • a new public engaged in critical political discussion
  • …was restricted to the propertied class (i.e., the class of the owners)

political compass

Right wing vs Left wing

Libertarian vs Authoritarian

Key Themes and Ideas:

Globalisation

Business over humans (economy over public health)

A country’s economic stability > Individual unemployment issues (A country’s wellbeing over individual wellbeing)

Patriotism (A blind support of my country)

Racial superiority

Class Differentiation

Militarism and justification of military use

The fusion of entertainment and information

Protectionism and government regulation

Freedom of people

Restriction of immigration

Religion

Charity

Social security

Views on schooling

Older values

Newspapers

Key word / theme / question etcDaily Mail (Textual evidence)Daily Mail (Institutional evidence) The i (Textual evidence)The i (Institutional evidence)
Views on Conservative partyp18 is the ‘Comment’ ie the editorial or voice of the paper ‘Only Starmer gains from this clueless plot’ – ie Labour will gain from Conservative divisions over Boris Johnson

As a right-wing tabloid, the Mail is traditionally a supporter of the Conservative Party. It has endorsed the party in every UK general election since 1945, with the one exception of the October 1974 UK general election, where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition.Front cover ‘Johnson future turning toxic for Tories’ seems to be against Conservative / Boris Johnson
Business over humansPage 16 – Shows an advertisement of a world issue, but is a focus on charity over business. Can be seen as both business and humanity based. Published in London by Daily Mail and General Trust
GlobalisationThe Daily Mail officially entered the Irish market with the launch of a local version of the paper on 6 February 2006; free copies of the paper were distributed on that day in some locations to publicise the launchThe i was named British National Newspaper of the Year in 2015 in the 2015 News Awards.

At the 2019 British Media Awards, the i won Gold in the Media Brand of the Year category, Silver for the Digital Product of the Year, and Bronze in the Print Product of the Year category.
PatriotismFront page ‘Joyous Jubilee’ – supporting Royal Family

Header above many pages “Our platinum queen” – use of our shows a support for the queen and shows patriotism
Front page ‘The new Firm’ slightly critical of Royal Family
Racial superiority
Feminism/ Females
women making up 52–55% of its readers
The term “suffragette” was first used in 1906, as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the Mail to describe activists in the movement for women’s suffrage

The Daily Mail’s main target audience is lower-middle-class British women. It was the first newspaper in the UK to write articles targeted at women.
Nationalismpage 10 ‘how the nation came together’ suggest national harmony – we are all together.
Militarism (use of military)Page 18 – Justified use of military against Russia
Authoritarian / LibertarianStill uses an Editorial ie the voice of one over many? Does not have voice of editor, but an ‘Opinion Matrix’ instead ie a range of different voices and opinion – so much more freedom and plurality, in voice and thought?
Has space for many views and different stories in a more fair and libertarian way

Also the main page and master header ‘i’ is interesting as it can be seen to reflect the views and the structure of the newspaper. Can be viewed as a personal pronounal address as an effect to illustrate its more modern values and goals to be a greater newspaper for everyone.

Page 20 – Shows political views against the more authoritarian views of certain parties. “How long before Priti Patel makes it illegal for people to boo someone who they find offensive?” “… showing the Prime Minister as a bumbling spinner of lies.” – The i allows all different ideas and views on its ‘Opinion Matrix’ sections.
“Speaking truth to power” – title – “Thank you to Michael Day for saying what needed to be said about the oppressive Israeli state”
the fusion of entertainment and news / informationPage 9 – Shows a picture story of Prince Louis and his mother in a comedic manner as the 4 year old misbehaves (not relevant but is still in as its own page – shows patriotic values of the daily mail – right side, more authoritarian)

Page 13 – Shows a fictional character beside the queen as in an entertainment aspect, promoting the Paddington film

Facts about the Daily Mail

  1. Publisher: DMG Media
  2. First issue date: 1896
  3. Owner: DMG Media, Daily Mail and General Trust
  4. Editor: Paul Dacre, Stewart Steven, R. D. Blumenfeld, W. G. Fish, Tom Clarke
  5.  It is the United Kingdom’s second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun.
  6. Morning daily newspaper published in London, long noted for its foreign reporting, it was one of the first British papers to popularize its coverage to appeal to a mass readership.
  7. The Daily Mail’s main target audience is lower-middle-class British women. It was the first newspaper in the UK to write articles targeted at women.
  8. Support of fascism: 1930–1934
  9. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the Mail’s editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s
  10. On 5 May 1946, the Daily Mail celebrated its Golden Jubilee. Winston Churchill was the chief guest at the banquet and toasted it with a speech.
  11. As a right-wing tabloid, the Mail is traditionally a supporter of the Conservative Party. It has endorsed the party in every UK general election since 1945, with the one exception of the October 1974 UK general election, where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition.

Facts about The i

  1. Owner: Daily Mail and General Trust
  2. Editor: Oliver Duff
  3. Founded: 26 October 2010
  4. Headquarters: Northcliffe House; London, England, UK
  5.  It is aimed at “readers and lapsed readers” of all ages and commuters with limited time
  6.  Published in London by Daily Mail and General Trust
  7. The i was named British National Newspaper of the Year in 2015 in the 2015 News Awards.
  8. The paper had an average daily circulation of 302,757 in March 2013, significantly more than The Independent, though that figure has since continued to decline, and had dropped to 233,869 by February 2019.

9. Editors

  • Simon Kelner (2010)
  • Stefano Hatfield (2011)
  • Oliver Duff (2013)

10. At the 2019 British Media Awards, the i won Gold in the Media Brand of the Year category, Silver for the Digital Product of the Year, and Bronze in the Print Product of the Year category.

11. During an interview for the i in December 2017, then Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn declared himself to be a dedicated reader of the i, saying that its compact size and concise articles suited his busy lifestyle as Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

Rules / Creative Freedom

In most Industries there is little to no creative freedom. You have to follow an extremely strict set of rules, and if you don’t follow those rules, you will fail in the eyes of your employer. However, in the culture industry, you have much more creative freedom to express your-self.

The Three Types of Media Ownership

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

Public Service Broadcasting

Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers.

BBC and Channel 4 are non-profit organisations. They are independent organisations which are reliant on the government for funding.

They usually make media which is ‘for everyone’.

Ethos of BBC – Inform. Educate, Entertain

  1. What’s good about it?

It’s free!

  1. What is the criticism of it?

The government regulating / tampering our media

David Hesmondhalgh states that media is a risky business. Therefore, to reduce risk, The Missing is a BBC produced TV series. The BBC is a state-funded / state-supported company. This reduces risk for many reasons. Firstly, as the BBC is a credible, well-known company, people are more likely to watch the show, The Missing, because they expect quality. This links to the concept of Two Step Flow of Communication from  Paul Lazarfeld. The two step flow of communication process takes into account the way in which mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, but are filtered through opinion leaders, those who interpret media messages first and then relay them back to a bigger audience. Because BBC is a well-known brand (and can employ highly-skilled actors) people are more likel;y to gravitate towards watching that rather than another independdently owned TV show.

On the other hand, Witnesses is funded and produced by an independent company.

post- collonialism

Empire and collonialism

 In other words, postcolonial criticism challenges the assumption of a universal claim towards what constitutes ‘good reading’ and ‘good literature’; questioning the notion of a recognised and overarching canon of important cultural texts – book, poems, plays, films etc – much of which is institutionalised into academic syllabi.

The arguments around postcolonial critical thought ‘constituted a fundamentally important political act’ (MacLoed, 200: 16)

the power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism – Edward Said Culture and Imperialism, 1993: xiii

Edward Said Culture and Imperialism, 1993: xiii

In this view, the outlying regions of the world have no life, history or culture to speak of, no independence or integrity worth representing without the West.‘ (Said, 1993: xxi). Orientalism (1978) alongside Culture and Imperialism (1993) are key texts written by the respected academic Edward Said. He asked if ‘imperialism was principally economic‘ and looked to answer that question by highlighting ‘the privileged role of culture in the modern imperial experience’ (1997:3)

‘an economic system like a nation or a religion, lives not by bread alone, but by beliefs, visions, daydreams as well, and these may be no less vital to it for being erroneous’V. G. Kiernan (American: The New Imperialism) (cit in Said, 1993:350)

To link this to postcolonialism would be to suggest that the West uses the East / the Orient / the ‘Other’, to identify and construct itself. How it sees itself as the ‘West’ as opposed to . . . in other words, it acts as The Other, a mirror by which a reflection of the self can be measured out and examined.

Essentially, and most crucial for postcolonial critical thinking, it is possible to identify a process whereby REPRESENTATIONS of – the East /the Orient / the ‘Other’ – are CONSTRUCTED through the lens of WESTERN COLONIAL POWER. So as much as the concept and image of ‘the West’ itself, the Orient is an idea that has a history and a tradition of thought, imagery, and vocabulary that have given it reality and presence in and for the West. The two geographical entities thus support and to an extent reflect each other.

Jacques Lacan – The Other

 we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not. Lacan proposed that in infancy this first recognition occurs when we see ourselves in a mirror. Applying that theory to culture, communications and media studies, it is possible to see why we are so obsessed with reading magazines, listening to music, watching films, videos and television because, essentially, we are exploring ‘The Other’ as a way of exploring ourselves.

Representations and stereotypes are created by us humans against one another.

Ghost Town

Form of political protest:

  • It is a cultural resistance to Margaret Thatcher’s time as prime minister.
  • Attempts to change laws or legislation.
  • Petitions.
  • Marches.

Antonio Gramsci.

Italian philosopher writing in the 1930s.

Hegemonic: dominant, ruling-class, power-holders.

Hegemonic culture: the dominant culture.

  • a form of cultural resistance
  • attempts to change law and legislation will not happen overnight
  • Antonio Gramsci: Italian philosopher writing in the 1930s
  • Cultural hegemony: power, rule, or domination maintained by ideological and cultural means.
  • Hegemonic: dominant, ruling-class, power-holders
  • the Birmingham school was first to notice the different subcultures of teenagers such as teddy-boys, mods, skinheads and punks.
  • Margaret Thatcher: firm immigration control for the future is essential if we are to achieve good community relations’
  • firm immigration control for the future is essential if we are to achieve good community relations’.
  • ‘ too much fighting on the dancefloor’ reflects how there was a lot of violence at the 2 tone concerts.
  • internal tensions in the band are reflected in the eerie sounding music.
  • the empty streets represent how everyone was working and how it was no longer a busy city.