Category Archives: Institution

Filters

Author:
Category:
Exam Prep, Institution, Notes

institution – key terms

Leave a comment

Cultural industries  – an economic field which involves the producing, distributing and exhibiting of music, television, movies, publishing etc…

Production – the process of making a motion picture, television show, video commercial, internet video or any other viewable programming

Distribution – the process of delivering products to audiences through advertising and marketing campaigns

Exhibition / Consumption – the retail branch of the film industry/ when the media is taken in by individuals or a group

Media concentration – when a company integrates its ownership of different media sectors (production, distribution, exhibition) with other companies  This means that as time progresses, less and less companies or institutions control the share of mass media

Conglomerates – a company that owns multiple companies involved in mass media enterprises such as television, radio, publishing etc…

Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) – the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas

Cultural imperialism – a theory regarding the fact that the western world dominates the ideas and influence of the media industry by imposing western views, often destroying native culture

Vertical Integration – when a company owns different businesses in the same chain of production, distribution and/or exhibition

Horizontal Integration – when a company owns other companies that performs the same part of the production, distribution or exhibition process as them

Mergers – when two or more existing companies unite creating one new company, often to expand a companies reach or gain market share

Monopolies – concentrated control of major mass communications within a society

Gatekeeper – a company who filters the information sent out to the public in order to create a certain message

(Mass Media) Regulation – rules enforced by the jurisdiction of law regarding how the media industry is owned and controlled, often to protect a stated ‘public interest’

(Mass Media) Deregulation – the process in which a government removes rules previously enforced by the jurisdiction of law regarding how the media industry is owned and controlled

Free market – a market when voluntary exchange and the laws of supply and demand provide the sole basis for the economic system, without government intervention

Commodification – the act of turning something into an item that can be bought or sold

Convergence – a circumstance involving the interconnection of information and communication technologies and media content eg, a phone which allows you to read the news as well as just make phone calls

Diversity – a corporate strategy used to enter into a new market or industry in which the business does not currently operate

Innovation – the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

Institutions key terms

Leave a comment

Cultural industries- the different types of popular media, produces, distributes products in the creative arts generally in favour of popularity

Production- the making of a form of media

Distribution- The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign

Exhibition/ consumption- the retail branch of the film industry/ when the media is taken in by individuals or a group

Media concentration- the ownership of mass media by fewer individuals

Conglomerates- a group that owns multiple companies which stand out different media specialised in written or audio-visual content

Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)- the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas

Cultural imperialism- The practice of promoting the culture values or language of one nation in another

Vertical Integration- a way in which media companies expand by acquiring different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution

Horizontal Integration- a way in which media companies expand by acquiring media companies that work in similar sectors (owns several businesses of the same value eg. a media company can own Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. )

Mergers- a merger or acquisition in which 2 or more of the undertakings involved carry on a media business

Monopolies- concentrated control of major mass communications within a society

Gatekeepers- the process through which information is filtered for dissemination

Regulation- the process by which a range of specific, often legally binding, tools are applied to media systems and institutions to achieve established policy goals such as pluralism, diversity, competition, and freedom

Deregulation- the process of removing or loosening government restrictions on the ownership of media outlets

Free market- one where voluntary exchange and the laws of supply and demand provide the sole basis for the economic system

Commodification- the transformation of the shape of the relationship, which is initially trafficked into things that are free of the commercial nature of the relationship  

Convergence- the merging of previously distinct media technologies and platforms through digitization and computer networking 

Diversity- diversity of ideas, viewpoints or content options 

Innovation- change in several aspects of the media landscape, from the development of new media platforms, to new business models, to new ways of producing media texts

Vertical integration- a company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution

Media conglomerates- a company owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises

Diversification- a corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry in which the business doesn’t currently operate.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

Bombshell

Leave a comment

Bombshell was a film released in 2019 is a film based off of a real-life scandal in which the CEO of a big television company, Fox News (Roger Ailes) sexually exploited female staff.

Roger Ailes (May 15, 1940 – May 18, 2017) was a media consultant and television executive in the United States. He was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fox News. He resigned from Fox News in July 2016 after numerous female Fox employees accused him of sexual harassment.

Gabriel Sherman claimed in a 2014 book that Ailes offered a television producer a raise if she would sleep with him in the 1980s. The allegation was refuted by Fox News, as was Sherman’s book’s legitimacy. Former Fox News anchor Gretchen Carlson filed a sexual harassment complaint against Ailes on July 6, 2016, and her allegations prompted more than a dozen female employees at 21st Century Fox to speak up about their own encounters with Ailes.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

key words –

Leave a comment
  • Cultural industries  – A cultural industry is an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
  • Production – The process of or management involved in making a film, play, or record.
  • Distribution – The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.
  • Exhibition / Consumption – Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to the radio.
  • Media concentration – Concentration of media ownership is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
  • Conglomerates – A media conglomerate, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
  • Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) – The production, distribution, and consumption of media products on a global scale facilitating the exchange and diffusion of ideas cross-culturally.
  • Cultural imperialism –  Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native culture.
  • Vertical Integration –  Vertical Integration is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
  • Horizontal Integration – Horizontal Integration is a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 
  • Mergers – a combination of two things, especially companies, into one.
  • Monopolies – the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
  • Gatekeepers – is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media.
  • Regulation – a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
  • Deregulation – the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.
  • Free market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
  • Commodification  – the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold.
  • Convergence  –  media convergence, a phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
  • Diversity – It means understanding that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual differences. 
  • Innovation – the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

key words

Leave a comment

Key words:

  1. Cultural industries – The notion of cultural industries generally includes textual, music, television, and film production and publishing.
  2. Production – the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
  3. distribution – The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.
  4. Media concentration – Concentration of media ownership is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
  5. Exhibition / Consumption– the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group
  6. Conglomerates – A media conglomerate, or a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, 
  7. Globalisation – the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
  8. Cultural imperialism – Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing Western views and therefore destroying their native culture
  9. Vertical Integration – Vertical Integration is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
  10. Horizontal Integration – Horizontal Integration is a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 
  11. Mergers – a merger or acquisition in which one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business in the Page 2 State and one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business elsewhere.
  12. Monopolies – concentrated control of major mass communications within a society
  13. Gatekeepers – is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media
  14. Regulation – a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
  15. Deregulation– the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.
  16. Free market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
  17. Commodification –  the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold
  18. Convergence – media convergence, phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
  19. Diversity – It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. 
  20. Innovation –  the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable
Institution, Notes

Murdoch x25

Leave a comment
  1. He is worth $17.1 billion.

2. Born on the 11th of March 1931

3. Born in Melbourne, Australia.

4. Went to a very prestigious uni, Oxford.

5. In his early life he was an Australian newspaper publisher.

6. He was also a media entrepreneur.

7. This was largely because his father was a famous war correspondent and publisher.

8. His father died in 1953, leaving him to inherit two newspapers in Australia.

9. He was able to increase the newspaper’s circulation by emphasising the problems of sex, crime, and scandals.

10. He bought and built up the Perth Sunday Times in 1956.

11. In 1960 he bought the significantly declining Sydney Daily.

12. He turned the Sydney Daily into the most bought newspaper in Australia.

13. He became a US Citizen in 1985 in order to be able to expand his market to US television broadcasting.

14. For his first job, he worked as an editor on Lord Beaverbrook’s London Daily Express.

15. In Britain in 1989, he inaugurated Sky Television.

16. Murdoch’s media empire includes Fox News, Fox Sports, the Fox Network, The Wall Street Journal, and HarperCollins.

17. He wrote papers which supported the labour party in 1997, 1001 and 2005 for the elections.

18. In 2011, Murdoch along with his son James provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking.

19. This was after a young girl who was murdered had her phone hacked by reporters/journalists in order to make a story. 

20. He attended a private meeting in London with the family of the girl, where he personally apologized for the hacking of their murdered daughter’s phone.

21. In 2012 a panel wrote a critical report about him, stating that he was not fit to lead a major company.

22. In 2015 Murdoch was succeeded as CEO at 21st Century Fox by James, his son.

23. In 2017 he agreed to sell most of the holdings of 21st Century Fox to the Disney Company.

24. Two years later this deal with Disney closed and was valued at about $71 billion.

25. Fox News and various other TV channels were excluded from the sale, and they became part of the newly formed Fox Corporation.


Institution

rupert murdoch : news uk

Leave a comment
  1. It has been alleged that News Group staff were accused of engaging in phone hacking, including Clive Goodman, illegally accessed voicemail for the mobile phones of thousands of public figures, including politicians and celebrities.
  2. News Corp UK & Ireland Limited (trading as News UK, formerly News International and NI Group), is a British newspaper publisher, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the American mass media conglomerate News Corp. It is the current publisher of The Times, The Sunday Times and The Sun newspapers
  3. Rupert Murdoch is the owner of hundreds of local, national, and international publishing outlets around the world, including in the UK (The Sun and The Times), in Australia (The Daily Telegraph, Herald Sun and The Australian), in the US (The Wall Street Journal and the New York Post)
  4. After his father’s death in 1952, Murdoch took over the running of The News, a small Adelaide newspaper owned by his father. In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over the News of the World.
  5. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, and, in 1985, became a naturalized US citizen, giving up his Australian citizenship, to satisfy the legal requirement for US television network ownership.
  6.  Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990 and, during the 1990s, expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdoch’s News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, with a net worth of over $5 billion.
  7. In July 2011, Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty, and public citizens. Murdoch faced police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the US. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.
  8.  Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson, who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of an extended period of industrial action that stopped publication
  9. . In England, the move roused the anger of the print unions, resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping, one of London’s docklands areas, where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing facility in an old warehouse.
  10. The Guardian newspaper, citing official company accounts, claims Rebekah Brooks received a £10.8m payoff for leaving News International.
  11. Times Newspapers was formed in 1967 when the Thomson Corporation purchased The Times from the Astor family and merged it with The Sunday Times, which it had owned since 1959. The company was purchased by Rupert Murdoch’s News International in February 1981. The acquisition followed an intense 21 days of negotiations with the print unions, conducted by John Collier and Bill O’Neill. The Times Literary Supplement, Times Educational Supplement and Times Higher Education Supplement were also part of the group; the latter two publications have since been sold.
  12. The London Paper was the first newspaper to be launched by News International rather than bought. It was an evening freesheet distributed at bus and rail stations in London. It was published five days a week from September 2006 to September 2009, when it closed down, faced with competition from other free papers.
  13. In contrast to News International’s earlier denials of knowledge, The Guardian cites suppressed evidence revealing that News of the World‘s editorial staff were involved with private investigators who engaged in illegal phone-hacking, and that both reporters and executives were commissioning purchases of confidential information; this is illegal unless it is shown to be in the public interest

Institution, Theory

David Hesmondhalgh

Leave a comment
  • In the present day, a lot of people aspire to be in a creative occupation however it is a struggle when you aren’t in a family or know people who can get you into it, no matter the creative ability you have, e.g cultural work in the complex professional era is that many more people seem to have wanted to work professionally in the cultural industries than have succeeded in do so. Few people make it, and surprisingly little attention has been paid in research to how people do so, and what stops others from getting on.
  • David is currently a Professor of Media, music and culture at the University of Leeds.
  • He has wrote books such as Understanding Media: Inside Celebrity (Maidenhead Open University Press, 2005), Media Production (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2006), Media and Society, 6th edition (New York: Bloomsbury, 2019) and many more.
  • Hesmondhalgh analyses the relationship between media and work as well as the media industry.
  • Applying/getting a job requires luck or a family member to be successful.
  • David Hesmondalgh says that the creative/cultural industry is a risky business.
  • Businesses are divided into three sectors such as production, distribution and consumption.
  • The strategies that minimise the risks are strategies such as the ‘Horizontal integration’ which enables large-scale institutions to achieve scale base cost savings while also allowing them to maximise profits by positioning brands so they do not compete with one another. A second way to minimise the risks is the vertical integration, this is where production, distribution, marketing specialist subsidiaries and media conglomerates can control all aspects of their supply chain while also achieving significant cost saving efficiencies. The final strategy of minimising risk is the multi-sector integration, this is the buying of companies across the culture industry, allowing for further cross-promotion opportunities and the deployment of brands across media platforms.
Institution, Theory

DAVE HESMONDHALGH

Leave a comment

Book called the “culture industries”

His work is about tracing the relationship between media work, media workers and the media industry.

he says that young people can be seen to desire a career in the creative industry as it can be very influential and more popular.

its mainly down to pure luck as the media industry is such a high demand.

Institution, Theory

David Hesmondhalgh

Leave a comment

David Hesmondalgh wrote a book called “The culture industries”

His work is about tracing the relationship between media work, workers, and the industry.

“VH:[00:17:10] I think a lot sadly does come down to luck and who you know. “

“MM: [00:34:02] So how do you see that? Looking back do you think that was, do you think basically you were lucky? The right person, in the right place, at the right time?

JL: [00:34:12] Yeah.  “

Many younger people believe that the creative industry is a lot different to how it really is

“LH [00:20:14] the minute that I went in I realized not everybody who works in creativity is a fun person. There are a lot more boring than you’d expect them to be. They’re not as fun.“

They are drawn to the ideas of fame and wealth and that it will be easy and fun, putting them in a vulnerable position when they realise that this is not the case and the industry requires you to get very lucky.

  1. Cultural industries  – an industrialized culture, essentially produced for the sake of making profits
  2. Production – The making of a piece of media
  3. Distribution – How media products are delivered to audiences
  4. Exhibition / Consumption – How a media product is viewed
  5. Media concentration – The ownership of mass media by few individuals
  6. Conglomerates – A company that owns numerous other companies involved in media
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
  8. Cultural imperialism – A theory that states western nations dominate media around the world
  9. Vertical Integration – When a media company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution e.g. 20th century fox owns studios; cinemas; TV channels
  10. Horizontal Integration – A media company’s ownership of several businesses of the same value e.g. a magazine; radio station and TV channel
  11. Mergers – When a media company acquires another company
  12. Monopolies – A large company owning many shares of a media source
  13. Gatekeepers – People who filter information for dissemination
  14. Regulation – The process of disallowing certain things in the media through guidelines
  15. Deregulation – Removing or loosening government restrictions on the ownership of media outlets
  16. Free market – A market where the prices of services are self-regulated
  17. Commodification  – The process whereby things are transformed into objects for sale in a capitalist economic system
  18. Convergence  – blending together multiple forms of media
  19. Diversity  – Differing ideas and forms of media 
  20. Innovation  – The development of new media platforms, or new business models, or new ways of producing media etc.

David Hesmondhalgh states that the media industry is a “risky business” – However, there are many ways that companies minimise this risk.

For Example, many companies use vertical integration – where they acquire subsidiaries based in Production, Distribution AND Consumption. This allows them to control everything that happens with their product from how it is made, to how it is advertised and where it can be consumed.

Furthermore, many companies build up monopolies – which while illegal, have many workarounds that the companies use. For example, a company may only allow their films to be viewed in certain cinemas i.e. cineworld – except for one cinema in Thailand that allows for the company to deny the monopoly.