Category Archives: Exam Prep

Filters

Author:
Category:
Exam Prep, Uncategorized

csp / psb

Leave a comment

https://www.mindmeister.com/map/2218966282

???? cost, how long it took to make

all businesses follow produce – distribute-consumption

Public Service Broadcasting

What is it? Involves radio, television and other media outlets whose primary mission is public service.  It ensures diversity in the media and plurality in news, and creates programming which reflects and examines wider society

“ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate”

,BBC

Channel 4 Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholder. So it is public and private owned (Mixed Model)

What’s good about BBC? Almost free, easy to access, wide variety of programs, not overly commercial.

  • Cultural industries  – Cultural industry refers to the various businesses that produce, distribute, market or sell products that belong categorically in creative arts. Such products could include clothing, decorative material for homes, books, movies, television programs, or music.
  • Production–
  • Distribution
  • Exhibition / Consumption
  • Media concentration
  • Conglomerates– a multi-industry company – i.e., a combination of multiple business entities operating in entirely different industries under one corporate group, usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries.
  • Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
  • Cultural imperialism– the imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another nondominant community.
  • Vertical Integration– Distribution company buying a Production Company
  • Horizontal Integration– Production company buying a Production company
  • Mergers-an agreement that unites two existing companies into one new company (i.e Heinz Co and Kraft Foods Group Inc merged their business to become Kraft Heinz Company)
  • Monopolies
  • Gatekeepers
  • Regulation
  • Deregulation
  • Free market
  • Commodification  
  • Convergence  
  • Diversity   
  • Innovation  

Two Step Flow of Communication (active consumption)

“What is significant here is that this theory suggests that the audience are ACTIVE NOT PASSIVE, in that audience consumption is based on consideration of what others think not a PASSIVE process of unthinking”

Exam Prep, Notes, Television

THREE TYPES OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP (PSB)

Leave a comment

THREE TYPES OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is D1166BE8-7383-4694-B77C-D7A0262C0879.jpeg
Fuchs, C ‘Reading Marx in the Information Age’ Routledge 2016
  • Capitalist Media
    corporations content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Public service media
    state-related institutions
    Content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Civil society media
    Citizen-control

Commercial Media – ITV, Sky TV

Transnational Media – Netflix, Amazon Prime – Global

Public Service Media – Companies such as BBC who relies on tax for funding, which comes from viewers paying for Tv licenses

Public Service Broadcasting

  1. What is it? — It is includes all electronic media outlets and its only function is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers (TV licence UK)

BBC – Delivering impartial and trusted news, UK-originated programmes and distinctive content.

  • Inform, entertain and educate – A PSB has standards it has to live up to.

2. Are The BBC and C4 unique examples of PSB?

Both of these are unique as it has a full focus on public service.

3. What’s good about it?

  • No advertisements
  • Diverse, many different types of free consumable media; shows, news, music, etc
  • A part of a culture and national identity of UK
  • Critical of the government

4. Criticism for it

  • You have to pay for it through taxations (TV licence)
  • Doesn’t always have something for everyone at all times, not always appealing to everyone
  • Is it really fully truthful and unbiased — Involvement by the government?

5. Extra Info

  • No offence is on All 4 meaning it is provided publicly through PSB meaning it is easily accessed, freely, by the public.
  • It is an original made through the UK, made and produced in London and features female protagonists, it has something for everyone
Exam Prep, Notes, Television, Theory

television exam prep

Leave a comment

KEY THEORISTS

  • Hesmondhalgh (The Creative Industries)
  • Curran and Seaton (Ownership)
  • Livingstone and Lunt (Regulation)

The Culture Industries: similarities and differences to other industries

  • Cultural industries are for entertainment more than they are functional. They are not a necessity to someone’s everyday life.
  • Just like any other industry, cultural industries have a main focus or earning money.
  • Cultural industries have the power to inform and provoke/influence beliefs/opinions which also helps to provoke popular culture – popular doesn’t always mean good.
  • There is more freedom involved within media – versatile and unpredictable
  • golding and murdoch- ” (media) plays a pivotal role in organizing the images and discourse through which people make sense of the world.”

Capitalist media – corporations content that address humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.

  • Funded through advertisements.
  • No state obligations, private
  • Audiences don’t have to pay

Public Service media – state-related institutions content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making. (e.g BBC)

  • Government is at an ‘arms length’ from the media, they don’t control it but advise and ‘look after’ the content, public.
  • Funded by the public/ tax payer. Through TV License for BBC in the UK.
  • No advertisements shown.
  • Examples = BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation – Regional), Channel 4

Civil society media – citizen-control content that addresses humans in various social role and results in meaning-making.

  • Has aspects of the company worldwide
  • Examples = Netflix, Sony, Apple, Disney

Public service Broadcasting:

Q1) what is it?

– Broadcasting on electronic media outlets (radio, television) with the aim of serving the public.

– Funding usually comes from the government through tax payed by the receivers.

Q2) what’s good about it?

– No ads

– The bedrock is inform, educate and entertain.

– Its very diverse and caters to everyone.

– easily accessible

– its not biased

Q3) is it unique?

– familiar – part of national identity to the UK – trusted and supported by many and is a very unique form of PSB along with channel 4

Curran and Seaton:

  • Commercial broadcasting is based on the sale of audiences to advertisers” – Commercial broadcasters (such as ITV) need to secure long term advertising revenue to survive programming. – Jean Seaton. – need for an active audience. – money wins (profit-driven)
  • ”profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity in the world of commercial media”.
  • “power without responsibility” – book by Curran and Seaton – first published in 1981- explores themes of how the media landscape has fallen under the control of the few global conglomerates.
  • Benefits of Horizontal integration: Production costs can be minimised/ Sharing resources/ controlling the market (influential as they own most of the resources)
  • Benefits of Vertical Integration: production divisions/distribution services/subsidiary support – finance and promotional services. control over all aspects of the production chain/restricting access to competitors/cross-media ownership synergies.
  • Curran suggests that the relationships between big businesses and government – suggesting power of concentrated media ownership has forced political parties and form cosy relationships with the media. in order to get favourable press charge.

Exam Prep

exam prep

Leave a comment

Key Thinkers

  1. David Hesmondhalgh – “The media industry is a risky business”

2. Curran and Seaton. <—— Need to mention in essay coming up

  • The difference between the culture industries and other industries is the fact they run off/ adapt towards the majority/dominant culture to appeal to them more. They also have a creative impact on the culture- organisations that are making cultural creativity. Cultural creative industries have a symbolic significance to which they can protest or carry meaning towards the audience while any other industry can’t.

3. Livingstone & Lunt

The Culture Industries

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries (creative industries)?

Both industries have many things in common such as a need of a place to work, a staff, both need structure and plans, at the end of the day industry is needed simply and solely for jobs, jobs that give money which is the pillar of society.

But, what is the difference?

One is a necessity and the other is purely for entertainment. We as a culture need food and we need water but in creative industry having the same thing all the time no longer makes it desirable.

If we didn’t have these industries how would we know about anything? About war, who was fighting. What the weather would be or about crime rates. The culture industry decides who we are, without it we are nothing. We need it to make sense of the world.

“…Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world” – Peter Golding & Graham Murdock

Culture industries are more creative than other typical industries.

  • Capitalist Media
    corporations content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Public service media
    state-related institutions
    Content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Civil society media
    Citizen-control

THREE TYPES OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is D1166BE8-7383-4694-B77C-D7A0262C0879.jpeg
Fuchs, C ‘Reading Marx in the Information Age’ Routledge 2016

Exam Prep, Notes, Television

CSP – TELEVISION (ESSAY PREP)

Leave a comment

No Offence (UK)

  •  The show was first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2015. It acquired over 2.5 million viewers. This was Channel 4’s biggest launch of a mid-week drama in over 3 years. It ran for 3 series, finishing in 2018.
  • Channel 4 is publicly owned (owned by the state) and commercially funded (funded through advertisements).
  • From Channel 4’s website; “Channel 4 was created to be a disruptive, innovative force in UK broadcasting.” “We have a unique public service remit to represent unheard voices.”
  • No Offence was broadcast on ‘France2’, the public service broadcaster. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group. The show was first broadcast in February 2016, with 5.46 million viewers.
  • No Offence is produced by ‘AbbotVision’.
  • ‘AbbotVision’ was the independent producer of Shameless (set in Manchester, the programme ran for eleven series and aired from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013, it was released in many different countries).
  • The shows creator ‘Paul Abbott’ said, in a 2017 guardian article, said that his previous project Shameless “Became too hysterical. I was glad to see it off”.
  • (Steve Neale) No Offence uses the same genre conventions of Shameless, being a ‘skittish’ show which provides its comedy elements through ‘profane anecdotes’ and ‘rat-a-tat laughter’. Linking to how creatives stick to the same or similar conventions as a way of building up a loyal fan base who will continue to watch and consume
  • Contains all of the codes and conventions of a police drama —> Caution tape, missing people, sirens.
  • Many different narrative strands that help move the main plot line along. Example: The elderly woman accusing her grandson, Down syndrome man talking about his relationship.
  • Perhaps the appeal to an international audience is a deliberate strategy. Not only representing the working class British area of Manchester, the programme represents the polish community in the UK through the female protagonist being from a Polish background and also the use of the language. These identities are also used as a selling point internationally through the appeal of difference.
  • Social Realist films = Films that emphasise the link between location and identity.
  • National style but is also popular in Europe


The Killing (Forbydelsen, Denmark/Germany)

  • Søren Sveistrup, series creator, worked closely with lead actress Sofie Gråbøl, who was stunt casted to aid marketing for the series, throughout the writing process to develop her character.
  • Danish is the official language in Denmark. It is spoke by approximately 6 million people worldwide.
  • The show was originally released in 2007, in Denmark on ‘DR1’ a channel under the ‘Danish Broadcasting Cooperation (DR)’.
  • Produced by DR and German company ZDF, the police drama was created and written by Søren Sveistrup.
  • This allowed more opportunity for global networking and international release, bringing more viewers and therefore, money.
  • Following the global success of the show after being released by BBC4 for viewing in the UK in 2011, production of American and Turkish versions took place.
  • Alike to No Offence, The Killing was designed to exploit the economic possibilities offered by a global market. However, the shows social media presence wasn’t wide spread, only having a Facebook account.
  • Sarah Lund (the protagonist) is presented in both a ‘feminine and masculine sense’, she follows the stock character of the hero and is a familiar detective character.

Representations

  • Female protagonists (Sarah Lund in The Killing and Viv and Dinah in No Offence) with authoritative power and autonomy in high up detective roles at the forefront of both stories juxtaposes the binary norm of men dominating these positions in society or how society perceives how being ‘tough’, ‘masculine’ and showing strength are particularly male traits. Judith Butler expresses how society creates an identity stereotype for which we fall into based on our biological sex which codes for our masculine or feminine gender identity. Gender is performance and is fluid, not fixed. These representations subvert the need for a male detective lead.
Exam Prep

Seymour Chatman: Satellites & Kernels

Leave a comment

  • Kernels: key moments in the plot / narrative structure
  • Satellites: embellishments, developments, aesthetics

This theory allows students to break down a narrative into 2 distinct elements. Those elements which are absolutely essential to the story / plot / narrative development, which are known as KERNELS and those moments that could be removed and the overall logic would not be disturbed, known as SATELLITES. Think about the way satellites orbit something bigger like a planet. Satellites can therefore be thought as useful to develop character, emotion, location, time and so on, but NOT ESSENTIAL. In this way they are really useful creative elements but not essential to the story. As such, some elements may emerge and play out but actually turn out to be of little value, meaning or consequence to the overall / main parts of the narrative – these can be called non-sequitars. Nevertheless, the use of light & shade is very important in terms of constructing an effective and enjoyable narrative.

kernals- important parts of the plot that if they were taken out the plot wouldn’t make sense.

sattlitlghts- parts of the story there for aesthetic purposes, if they were taken out the plot still would make sense.

Roland Barthes: Proairetic and Hermenuetic Codes

  • Proairetic code: action, movement, causation
  • Hermenuetic code: reflection, dialogue, character or thematic development
  • Enigma code: the way in which intrigue and ideas are raised – which encourage an audience to want more information.

Although the words proairetic and hermenuetic may seem very complex, it is easy for students to grasp in that moving image products are either based around ‘doing’ / ‘action’ or ‘talking’ / ‘reflection’. Look at this sequence from Buster Scruggs (Dir J Coen E Coen 2018), which is basically divided into ‘some talking’ (hermenuetic codes) which leads into ‘some doing’! (proairetic codes)

Audience, Exam Prep, Music Video

ghost town

Leave a comment

When we first think about political protest, what comes to mind?
○ Attempts to change to laws or legislation
○ Organised political movements
○ Public protests
○ Petitions, marches
However, we can look at political protest in terms of:
○ Cultural resistance
○ Everyday people
Why look at cultural resistance?
○ Overt political protest is uncommon. When it occurs, it often results in a backlash.
○ Even if overt political protest does results in changes in legislation, it won’t necessarily change public
opinion.
○ Culture is what influences people’s hearts, minds and opinions. This is the site of popular change.

Hegemonic: dominant, ruling-class, power-holders
● Hegemonic culture: the dominant culture
● Cultural hegemony: power, rule, or domination maintained by ideological and cultural means.
● Ideology: worldview – beliefs, assumptions and values

Cultural hegemony functions by framing the ideologies of the dominant social group as the only legitimate
ideology.
The ideologies of the dominant group are expressed and maintained through its economic, political, moral,
and social institutions (like the education system and the media).
These institutions socialise people into accepting the norms, values and beliefs of the dominant social
group.

As a result, oppressed groups believe that the social and economic conditions of society are natural and
inevitable, rather than created by the dominant group.

Birmingham school was the first to notice youths which were punks and teddy-boy etc which therefore invented the idea of the teenager.

Bringing race into the picture in the 1980s, Paul Gilroy
highlighted how black youth cultures represented
cultural solutions to collectively experienced problems
of racism and poverty.

Music influenced kids to stand up against racism.

Margret Thatcher proposed black people as a threat to white British citizens.

Police didnt do anything about white on black crimes as they were brainwashed by news papers and the government to believe it was right and that it was black peoples fault.

New cross fire 1981 when a believed white British citizen set alight a group of black people celebrating a friends birthday police said they were on drugs fought and killed each other even though there were witnesses.