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NOtes – Revision – Gauntlet & Butler

David Gauntlet quotes / phrases :

  • “We are transitioning from a society in which our identities were constructed via rigid traditions to a distinctly different phase that he calls ‘late modernity” – Changed from a society of stereotypes to opinions.
  • “Tradition dominates the notion of who we are and is heavily determined by long standing social forces” – Traditions and hierarchy are a reason for our stereotypes to the present day.
  • “Social roles of gender in a traditionally ordered society”
  • “Marketing and advertising agencies construct multiple possibilities of who we might be through products branding” – Advertising giving us a glimpse of who we could become (potential ‘us’)
  • “Transformations offered suggest that our identities are not fixed” – Meaning in games, they lead with the main characters weaknesses to gain happiness, this can give us the right motivation to give us a chance to change who we are.

Judith Butler quotes / phrases :

  • “Myths reinforce male power as the norm because males are the more naturally dominant gender” – This displays that the idea of male dominant society is true.
  • “Micro performances that continuously signal our identity to ourselves and to others” – Explains that the way we act is a form of our own identity shown.
  • “Biological anatomies do not determine our gender” – This can related to people feeling as if they are more masculine than feminine even though they are a woman. A mental decision that our brains come to.
  • “Male and female identities are not naturally configured”
  • “Gender is not solely determined by primary experiences during childhood” – Meaning throughout our lifetime, people change their gender and sexual orientation, some people don’t stay the same gender they were when they were a child.

AT HOME NOTES 2:

“Far reaching social changes currently affecting western society” – Concept one, David Gauntlett.

This gives me the idea that the idea and opinion of genders people have are widely affecting a large amount of people.

“The notion of who we are is heavily determined by long-standing social forces” – Concept one, David Gauntlett.

This connotates the idea that gender determines our personality.

“Linked to family expectations and rigid social codes” – Concept 1, David Gauntlett.

This shows how people believe genders have responsibilities to fill.

“Sheer new amount of products and channels, both niche and mainstream, facilitates the process of identity editing by audiences” – Concept 2, David Gauntlett,

All types of media have an affect on people and gender identities.

“Self help books tell us that we do not have to endure the personality flaws that hold us back from the jobs we want or the relationship we desire” – Concept 2, David Gauntlett.

The idea of change of identities started with self-help books.

Popular culture within the process of constructing their sense of identity” – Interview with David Gauntlett

The general idea of genders is constructed by opinions and stereotypes.

“She highlights his conclusions that myths are powerful makers of meanings” – Gender as performance, Judith Butler

Even though its all a lie, the stereotypes have a big effect on people.

“Male and female identities are not naturally configured” – Butler gender revolution

Stereotypes and opinions do not decide who you are.

revision notes

David Gauntlet

“front covers of magazines such as Vogue and Men’s health are shop windows to amore sexier, more successful future self for their reader-ships”- shows that identity is constructed by media

“30 second glimpses of who we might become”- suggests our identity will change overtime

“the characters we watch in television shows or on online games offer us examples of how we can transfigure ourselves”- try to become better people by transforming our identities

“identities are not fixed, but can be altered for the best if we are motivated to change”- portrays idea of negotiated identity

“media manufacturers narrow interpretations of certain roles or lifestyles”- down to negative stereotypes

Judith Butler

“the absence of homosexuality in mythic stories provides evidence that our natural sexual inclinations are heterosexually orientated”- dominant ideology that it should only be male and female couples

“our gender identities are not fixed objects; they are constituted as a result of our behaviors”- our identity will change depending on the situation we are in eg. a party compared to a funeral

“rituals and performative actions constantly reinforce our identities: the act of wearing makeup”-we perform our identities differently each day

“lack of alternative representations in media helps reinforce heteronormativity”- we can choose our identities but their is a lack of knowledge to other identities rather than heterosexuality.

Revision notes – Home

David Gauntlet

“Audiences are in control of the media – adapting and assimilating ideas about themselves through the various representation that the media presents.” – This illustrates how the audience adapts themselves to fit in to society and it is naturally happening. They create the person that they want to be to represent their true self.

“Gender is socially constructed” – The way that both genders behaviours change is naturally reoccurring.

“Audiences realise they can change their identities” Society have no power over them to choose who they can become. For example a male can act as a female, and a female can act as a male.

“The media provides a range of products in which a huge diversity of identities is portrayed.” – In our society there is a huge amount of individuals who portray themselves with a varies of different identities.

“Audiences use global media to offer alternatives to the identities that society constructs for them.” – Social media gives the impression that they change people’s identities and that their behaviour changes.

Judith Butler

“Our gendered identities are not naturally given but constructed through repetition and ritual.” Individuals change their identities over and over again through the act of others.

“Our bodies or sex do not define our gendered identities” – Male or female can choose their identity.

“The performance of gender trouble is a difficult, sometimes painful, process given the entrenched nature of heteronormativity” – Individuals suffer from people who judge them for changing there identities to be who they want to become.

“Gender is not solely determined by primary experiences during childhood” – You behaviour does not change from childhood, it is just naturally happens.

“Our genders are culturally rather naturally formed” – Society influences and interacts with the audience which changes people’s behaviour.

Home notes

Judith Butler

Judith Butler discusses the ideas of gender representation such as gender is fluid, changeable, and plural a set of categories to be played out and performed by individual subjects in individual moments in time and space.

Identities

Lipstick Lesbian – It’s a slang word that means feminine gender attributes. Lipstick Lesbian is used to demonstrate the feminine gender expression of bisexual women.

Butch and femme – This is a term for lesbian subculture. The relationship of the lesbian community is organized principle for sexual relating that is varied over the course of the 20th century.

Girly girl – The term for this is to behave in a feminine way. This explores the range of gender positions where a girly girl is seen as fluid and partially embodied.

Representation, Identity & Self

Identity gives us the impression about the idea of knowing and understanding the self in relation to others. Judith Butler explains how women are females with feminine traits, being heterosexuals who desire is directed at men. Men are males with masculine behavioural traits, being heterosexuals. Butler argues that being born a male of female does not determine behaviour, she believes that individuals behave in different ways to fit into society. “The idea of gender is an act, or performance.” which gives us the concept that it produces a series of effects. There can be no gender identity before the gendered acts because the acts are continuously constituting the identity.

Score

Score considers its historical, social and cultural contexts, as it relates to gender roles, sexuality and the historical context of advertising techniques. The Score advert was produced in the year of decriminalisation of homosexuality and as such, the representation of heterosexuality could be read as signalling more anxiety than might first appear. Butler believes that there can be no gender identity as it can produce a series of effects. There are 5 women and one man to suggest that you will get all the females if you buy the product. They also use a lot of words that are repeatedly repeating itself. The audience responses to the narrative because it influences and manipulates the men into something different. Butler gives us the idea that gender is an act or a performance.

Maybelline

The video ad touches on issues of gender representation, ethnicity and lifestyle. The ad, like its 1960s counterpart, uses an aspirational image showing two friends who do not conform to masculine and feminine ideals but are nonetheless powerful: happy in their own skin, confident in their bodies and their sexuality. This relates to Judith Butler as she explains that being born a male of female does not determine behaviour. The whole campaign is youthful and empowering. Slogans like ‘let’s get bossed out’. After the recent demise of gay icon George Michael, several gay men had paid tribute to the singer recalling how he was a huge inspiration when they were growing up and helped make their coming out easier, furthermore Judith Butler suggests that that’s why people behave different so they fit into society.

Judith Butler ‘gender as performance’ Notes

  • Judith Butler counterpoints earlier ideas of gender representation, such as Laura Mulvey’s idea that “gender is fixed – male/female” and how “it is structured by institutions and those powerful individuals who are able to exert power and control”
  • While Butler does recognize other theories such as Laura Mulvey’s, she theorizes that “gender is fluid, changeable, plural a set of categories to be played out and performed by individual subjects in individual moments in time and space.”
  • This suggests that people have different “identities” which adhere to the different social settings/conditions that we put ourselves in.
  • There are a few categories of “personalities” such as lipstick lesbian (a lesbian who exhibits greater amounts of feminine attributes), butch and femme ( a lesbian who displays more masculine behaviors and styles) and girly girls (a female who chooses to display themselves in a more traditionally feminine way i.e pink clothes, makeup, dresses gossiping, etc)
  • Over time gender has evolved to be more diverse, and less defined by a set of behaviours associated with either male or female. Now gender can be anything- but is still heavily influenced but traditional beliefs.

Home School Work – Essay Notes

“What it means to be a woman does not remain the same from decade to decade” as stated by Judith Butler indicates that the general society’s ideas and expectations around women are constantly changing as time goes on. For example, a long time ago, women were generally expected to not leave the house very much and focus on cleaning up after the man, and not work very strenuous jobs. While this view is still relevant to some degree today, it is far less prevalent, with women having no general “expectations” and they are allowed and not confined to particular jobs and hobbies.

“The historical meaning of gender can change as its norms are re-enacted, refused or recreated” as stated by Judith Butler suggests that gender is never fixed and is ever changing, based on how we as a society act towards the normal behaviors of certain genders, or even create trends which could become very prevalent. This possibility is very realistic when ideas like the two step flow model as depicted by Lasarfelt are taken into account, and the idea that if you use famous and influential people as advertising to encourage certain things, then a lot of people may follow suit and in turn this provides people with a lot of influence and power over the impressionable public.

“When we are “girled”, we are entered into a realm of girldom that has been built up over a long time” – this indicates that people are grouped into certain categories which have been created by people from places and times far away from the present. I don’t think this is a positive idea as people are constantly being forced into stereotypes which they have no say in, and are often misrepresented in this way.

Essay Prep – Work at Home

Judith – Gender Performance –

Judith mentions that ‘nobody is a gender from the start’, this can suggest that we as people force or construct the idea / rule that people should be fixed within their gender, that there should be two ‘types’ of humans, male and female, however Judith proposes that we are not female or male, we choose to act and decide our actions in either a more feminine way or masculine way. She wants to break the idea that specific ‘things’ have to be titled through s gender, football is a mens sport or makeup is for women. She wants to create an idea that we can choose and normalise who we want to be, wheither we’re male but want to wear makeup or we’re female and want to play football without it being abnormal.

Maybelline Advertisement –

Maybelline have always presented their advertisement through glamorous women, however this multimillion dollar global eyeliner company released a video advert called ‘boss it up’, the company decided to have a male and female as their presenters, both of them wore the eyeliner, in a way to make a statement. Maybelline know that makeup is starting to shift from just a females use, to a neutral choice. Ideas globally are starting to see that there is no abnormal choice if a male decides to wear makeup. For example, Johnny Depp is a straight man, however he wears eyeliner, there is should be no constructed idea on clothes, cosmetic products and peoples actions.

Score Advertisment –

The score printed advert, suggests that men and women are separate, that women are ‘used’ for feminine acts, such as giving birth and cooking all meals, where as men are the dominant, stronger gender, who bring the money into the household and work hard. This idea of one gender does one thing and another does some differently, suggests that men and women are not equal and one gender is more powerful than the other.

At home notes:

Judith Butler at home notes:

Judith writes and creates the idea that there is not specific acts or qualities that make you your gender, gender is a title and has nothing to do with the way you act or whatever you do. You can change your gender, be yourself and choose who you want to be and whatever you do will not change who you are and who you identify yourself as. Butler writes to identify and break the idea that genders have stereotypical acts, like football for men, netball for woman, pints for men and gin for women.

Maybelline & Score at home notes:

Firstly, Maybelline, when advertising their eyeliner product line, have always been using females in their adverts, this is because the idea that because females use eyeliner on a daily bases, its seen as a female product due to the repetitive acts of one gender, however this isn’t true, for example bands like Fall out boy, and celebrities like Johnny Depp have used and continue to use eyeliner when turning up to social events and shows. Secondly, Score, advertises the idea that if you shave you will be more attractive and “get what you’ve always wanted”. This is seen as a product for males and that men should be buying it, however because its a shaving cream doesn’t mean it cannot be for men, just because men use shaving cream, doesn’t mean woman don’t. Lastly, the woman seen in the score advert seem to be carrying the man who has recently shaved using the product, as well as this they are trying to touch, stroke and feel the man, this can be seen as a sexist, stereotypical representation of woman as it shows that they bow down and treat men like kings when they are attractive/using the product advertised, this is a repetitive theme used in adverts still to this day.