Owner = Conde Nast (‘a global media company that produces some of the world’s leading print, digital, video and social brands’) They “celebrate the extraordinary. Creativity and imagination are the lifeblood of all that we do. We are a media company for the future, with a remarkable past.”
First print edition = Spring 2002
Last print edition = 2017 when they ceased print publishing in favour for online articles through their website
They have shifted from stereotypical/ conventional content for young women to more societal/ideologically driven content which comments on issues regarding humanity and representation (see first and last print article and their move to online publishing)
The Voice
Owner = GV Media Group LTD
First print edition = 1982 launched at Notting Hill Carnival of that year
Audience statistics:
“The media bias” of the previous year’s civil unrest in Brixton was noticed by Val McCalla. So, at the 1982 Notting Hill Carnival, he launched The Voice because he “saw the need for a newspaper that would address the issues that mattered to British-born African-Caribbean people who were trying to stake their claim to the only country they had ever known.”
Linking to Paul Gilroy: It seems evident that ‘The Voice’ are ever trying to dispel negative stereotypes and views of diversity across the UK by giving a voice to Black people who share their experiences/stories/words for change. He too noticed the racial binaries that were present in the media saying that “Black communities are constructed as an ‘other’ to white culture and are associated with criminal activity and lawlessness”
Key ideas: Products, shaped by economic/political context
The Johari Window is a model that helps to explain and improve self-awareness and self-communication. The window is divided into four quadrants: open, blind, hidden, and unknown.
Semiotics: • Sign – something which can stand for something else – in other words, a sign is anything that can convey meaning • Signifier – the thing, item, or code that we ‘read’ – so, a drawing, a word, a photo. • Signified – the concept behind the object that is being represented. • Dominant signifier – main thing we see • Icon – A sign that resembles what it represents. • Index – A sign that works by a relationship to the object or concept it refers to for example an image of a ball can be indexical of sport. • Code – • Symbol – • Anchorage – • Ideology – • Paradigm – • Syntagm. –
Barthes’ ideas and theories on semiotics: • Signification • Denotation • Connotation • Myth.
Owned by the BBC, the BBC is owned and payed for the by the public. Payed through TV licenses BBC Charter: Educate, Inform, Entertain
Owned by CBS, CBS is payed for by Paramount global. Privately owned, available to everyone.
Regulation
Regulated by Ofcom which receives it regulation rules through the UK gov. Also regulates off of the BBC’s Charter.
CBS is regulated by the The Federal Communications Commission (US FCC)
Habermas
Transformation of the public sphere, the BBC (when making money) re-invests it into BBC to make it better, adapt it and sticks to their charter tighter.
Sticks to making a profit rather than bettering itself. Does not transform the public sphere, the polar opposite of the BBC.
Chomsky
5 filters of mass media: 1.Structures of ownership – BBC owned by the public, regulated by their own Ethos. 2.The role of advertising – Ads for the BBC are on social media platforms displaying what they offer, for example the “Trust is earned” publication video they made. 3.Links with ‘The Establishment’ – BBC isn’t directly connected to the government however it is regulated by a set of rules the government chooses. 4.Diversionary tactics – ‘flack’ – None really applies as the BBC specialises in its truth. 5.Uniting against a ‘common enemy’
Audience
Active consumption, choosing to listen in and create opinions and thoughts based on the stories which are on the media/radio from newsbeat.
Passive consumption, taking in what war of the worlds is saying and just believing it.
Lazarfeld
Harry and Kate promoting mental Health on mental Health Day, Stormzy being put on the show. This uses opinion leaders so that its not the BBC directly telling the audience how to feel, its their favourite influencers.
It is written by Orsen Wells, who was a popular author uses the two step flow of directly injecting the idea of entertain through War Of the Worlds, at 0:20 it is announced that Orsen will be reading the show and is also announced it is a story from the Theatre on Air.
Stuart Hall
New Technology
Newsbeat is on social media, internet radio and apps.
Cross media creation
Newsbeat is on social media, internet radio and apps. Can be read and understood on different platforms for the younger audiences to access it anywhere and whenever they want.
The show was originally published as a book in the UK and US in 1897, then a radio show in 1938 and then a TV series in 1988
Curran
“profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity” CBS creating the idea of a a massive panic to create a huge amount of money over the idea of making a good entertainment.
Seaton
POWER AND MEDIA: patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. Controls how they want to target audiences that are informed and want to learn. Seaton says “Sells audiences to advertisers not products to audiences” which the BBC doesn’t do, they do this by sticking to their “educate” ethos and making stories to educate.
Provides to audiences the idea of entertainment without sticking to any sort of ethos or education. Only entertainment and selling a big story which we don’t know is true (I.E people running out of their homes in fear of the story that they are hearing.
In this model, the media is seen as powerful and able to inject ideas into an audience who are seen as weak and passive.
The hypodermic needle was proposed by Harold Lasswell in the 1920s. It explains how the audience is directly affected by what they view and hear. It is said to affect the audience/viewer immediately or in the near future. It suggests that a media text can ‘inject’ or ‘fire’ ideas, values and attitudes into a passive audience, who might then act upon them. This theory suggests that the audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message which, in some cases, could be dangerous.
Lasswell’s hypodermic model fits well in the case of Orson Welles’s ‘War of the World’, where listeners were passive, and accepted the information given to them despite the lack of evidence.
“The War of the Worlds” was a Halloween episode of the radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air directed and narrated by Orson Welles as an adaptation of H. G. Well’s novel The War of the Worlds (1898). It was performed and broadcast live at 8 pm ET on October 30, 1938, over the CBS Radio Network. The episode is famous for inciting panic by convincing some members of the listening audience that a Martian invasion was taking place, though the scale of panic is disputed, as the program had relatively few listeners.
12 million people listening was reported. More likely that just 50,000 people were listening.
Media Language The magazine front cover and specified content should be analysed in terms of the composition of the images, positioning, layout, typography, language
Key Notes:
dominant signifier – Vin diesel on the front cover of the magazine
dominant ideology – Body image
reactionary representation – A heterosexual man and what society expects on him.
negative stereotype – this creates a negative stereotype to men having to be seen as strong and loose weight
The blue background is associated with male stereotypes, a traditional boy colour
Laswell’s module:
Sender – Men’s health’s is one of the largest men’s magazine and is aimed mainly at “manly” men
Says What – The brand of the magazine called ‘Men’s Health’ aimed for active men who want a better control on their physique / appearance to impress society.
What Channel – Men’s health is a print lifestyle magazine and can also be accessed on their website and social media.
To Whom – Aimed at men who are ‘sporty’ or active. If a man wants motivation to get into shape then the magazine provides information on loosing weight to get that ‘perfect body’
What Effect– Selling the magazine to their target audience through shops, website or social media.
CS Peirce:
Iconic sign – The bold text tells you what you can find inside of this magazine issue. It all relates to loosing weight fast
Indexical signs – The only image is the dominant signifier placed right in the middle. The muscles relates to the text and the magazine.
Symbolic sign – The magazines colour theme is mostly blue which is seen as a stereotypical colour for men, influences them to buy the magazine. Big bold texts all about loosing weight “demolish junk food cravings” and “Blast body fat”. The dominant signifier, vin diesel, is positioned in the middle showing off his muscles.
Stuart hall – Hall provides a framework for decoding messages:
accept the dominant message negotiate the dominant message rejectthe dominant message
Laura Mulvey – The Male Gaze
PAGE 148 is an example of the male gaze as a strategy to appeal to the male audience. Shows women in the background of the dominant signifier, the man who’s wearing the Givenchy aftershave.
Steve Neale
What is the theory? Neale believes that films of a type (genre, like romance or horror) should include features that are similar, so the audience know it is a horror film or romance, but also include features that are different, to keep an audience interested. This is his theory of repetition and difference.
Narrative and Genre Consider the way the front cover creates a narrative about character and lifestyle in order to attract an audience
Men’s health magazine had an average monthly reach of around 1.8 million individuals in the UK between 2019 to 2020
The ages of people who buy this magazine between 2019 to 2020 were 15 years and above and could potentially be harmful for young teenagers because they feel this is how they should look like and that the magazine would help them with their goal to looking muscular.
The media chooses how people should look like. By adding a celebrity to the front page of their magazine it influences young people to buy and read it.
Mens health is owned by hearst who own 40 different companies founded in 1887.
Questions:
Essay:
In this essay I am going to discuss how print magazines have little appeal to the digital world, the CSP I will be talking about is men’s health. Men’s health is a magazine who is owned by Hearst who owns 40 different companies founded in 1887, making them a conglomerate. Men’s health, the print magazine rules out most of the potential audience due to the magazine being aimed mostly at Men who are trying to or are “professional men”. Some ways of identifying this is the dominant signifier, being Vin Diesel who is a famous celebrity and a reason for using him, is two things to make the appeal of magazines more significant, the first being is as he is a celebrity that will already increase the sales and minimize the risky business of owning a media company, another being that is can be seen as a sizeable man and creating a female gaze at the same time by being the cool man, he does this through showing no emotion with a cool stance and bulging muscles. Men’s health also tries to appeal to more audiences by it being a reactionary representation with society expecting a men’s health magazine to have a big strong man on it. However it can also have a negative stereotype and make people stray away from it by him suggesting the message that if you want to be a man you have to lose weight and been seen as strong.
I believe that Men’s Health does not challenge the social and cultural contexts in which they are created.
Postcolonialism is seen in Men’s health, this is seen with the dominant signifier on the first page being a white Caucasian male
Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs. To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world? You should refer to your newspaper Close Study Products, The i and The Daily Mail.
All media serves a purpose… to entertain, educate, and first and foremost, inform. The way in which media products inform is heavily influenced by their ideology, which is defined as ‘a system of ideas and ideals, especially ones which form the basis of economic or political theory and policy.’ The two media products which I will be talking about in this essay, the Daily mail and The I have opposing ideologies, which can be seen through the content of their newspapers. Wording, and in general, the language used in the paper (positive / negative) both influence readers and create a distinctive ideology. Plus, the marleting techniques used detetermine what type of audience the paper wants to sell too. The Daily Mail is a right-wing, authoritarian paper, which appeals to brexit-supposrting, patriotic, conservative readers. Whereas, The I is a left-wing, libetarian paper, which appeals to young, progressive, fact-seeking liberals. Even though, The I is actually owned by the same owner as the The Daily Mail, The Daily Mail General Trust, the two newspapers political views couldn’t be any more different.
The Daily Mail uses emotive language to target right-wing audiences. An example of this can be found in the quote ‘Think Britain has a vaccine problem? You should see the mess we’ve made of it here in the EU”. The use of the word ‘mess’ reinforces an anti-EU agenda, and turns readers against the EU. Additionally, statements such as, “We are strongest when united” appeal to patriotic, imperialist-yearning readers, because it presents England as a nation, which is united against the rest of the world. In the Editorial section, which houses the majority of the papers political views. Language such as “deluded and dangerous” is used to describe the left. The repeated negative representation of the left, as well as, the EU, is an example of Gerbener’s cultivation theory` (Cultivation theory is a sociological and communications framework to examine the lasting effects of media, primarily television), and it leads to a prefered reading of the text, which suits the ideologies of the paper. Whether it’s the paper’s influence on its readers, or the type of audience the paper attracts, the majority of the Daily Mail’s readers are conservative. According to a December 2004 survey, 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour and 17% for the Liberal Democrats. Additionally, the Daily Mail contains a number of semiotic signs, theorised by Roland Barthes. Most of these signs are percievable as soon as you look at the paper, for instance, the font used for the title of the newspaper is extremely traditonal, which gives the newspaper an old-timey feel, and appeals to their target audience of right-wing, authoritrians aged between 40-80.
The I is a largely fact-orientated newspaper which sits on the left, libetarian side of the political compass. Statements such as, “men as mosnters: is that really radical?” and ‘proof that the poorest people get hit worse by inflation’ make their leftist political stance incredibly clear. However, according to a study done by a uni student in 2020, The I has a bias rating of just -8.80 (Bias scores for articles and shows are on a scale of -42 to +42, with higher negative scores being more left, higher positive scores being more right) which suggests that the paper is far less opinionated than the Daily Mail, which had one of the highest bias scores, with around -41. Additionally, the paper’s high reliability score, 42.46 (scores above 40 are excellent according to the uni student) insinuiates that it is largely fact based, and doesn’t push agenda’s built on false information. The I has targeted poorer audiences through their lower price, 85p (the Daily Mail’s price of £1.35 appeals to middle class conservative readers), and this will likely bring in readers who are more progressive, because people in poorer area’s are arguably more aware of social problems surrounding race and wealth, sue to experaincing those issues first hand. Additionally, the modern looking layout and bold, red colours are stark contrast to the Daily Mail’s dimly coloured, traditionally layed out paper, and this suggests that The I is more progreessive and for younger readers. The way that the two paers are distributed (The I was originally made as a cheap paper for workers commuting on the tube, whereas the Daily mail is often posted to houses) further reinforces this idea.
Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs. To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?You should refer to your newspaper Close Study Products, The i and The Daily Mail.
Media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world. Media products such as newspapers create a view or opinion which transfers to the variety of audiences. For example, popular newspapers such as The Daily Mail and ‘The I’ feed audiences with opinions and critical views on subject matters to almost control the belief of each individual reading, potentially leading to a right- or left-wing audience. Left-wing is a political belief of social equality and egalitarianism. Those who follow left-wing politics are often in opposition to the social hierarchy and are seen as a libertarian. Libertarians seek to maximise autonomy and political freedom and minimise the state’s violation of individual liberties. Whereas right-wing politics support of the view that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, desirable and regular. Right-wing typically supports this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authority, and tradition. Ordinarily, the supporters are authoritarians, meaning the strict rules and laws put into force by those of hierarchy and power to eliminate personal freedom of those with less freedom of speech.
The Daily Mail is a British newspaper, owned by the DMGT with the current chairmen and controlling shareholder Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere. The Daily Mail presents itself as a neutral supporter of all political parties however, this is not shown through textual evidence. For example, on page 18 of the newspaper, the paper mentions, ‘The Truth is that Boris Johnson is by a country mile the best person to lead the Tory government’, this links to the theorist Noam Chomsky, also known as ‘The father of modern linguistics’. Chomsky claimed that the media is hand in hand with the government and supports the association that the government dominants the media, giving the media what the government wants the audiences to read. The five filters of mass media relate to Noam Chomsky’s claim and the quote through the first mass media filter known as ‘Structures of Ownership’, meaning media conglomerates are mostly owned by bigger companies with the same end goal such as profit. Profit controls and misleads companies into pushing anything that provides them with this resource. The Daily Mail and the prime minister, Boris Johnson may have a mutual agreement and could be the reasoning to why the newspaper speaks highly of the government.
‘The I’ is a British national morning paper which was originally owned by the JPIMedia, but since 29th November 2019, the JPIMedia sold the newspaper to The Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) and ‘The I’ is now published in London by the DMGT. ‘The i’ could be represented as the opposition to The Daily Mail and can be seen as a technique used to please those in belief of left-wing politics. In relation to The Daily Mail, on page 20 of ‘The I’, ‘The thought of Boris Johnson or someone equally embarrassing representing us as head of state’ suggests that the editors of ‘The I” may believe in the freedom from hierarchy’s and do not allow themselves to be controlled through government sources. On top of that, in the 2017 and 2019 UK general elections, ‘The I’ chose not to endorse a political party, showing audiences that the newspaper does not have a political view. Further to this, on page 20, ‘Thank you to Michael Day for saying what needed to be said about the oppressive Israeli state’, advocates that newspapers don’t mention critical and own views on subject matters, as well as speaking the voice of the readers. This shows, theorist, Jurgen Habermas, work on the public sphere, through the spread of communication. The German philosopher and sociologist work introduces communicative rationality and the public sphere. He argued that the growth in newspapers, journals, reading clubs, Masonic lodges and coffeehouses in 18th century Europe marked the gradual replacement of “representational” culture. In conclusion, both newspapers, ‘The I’ and The Daily Mail construct ideas and views upon the target audiences through the language and techniques used, specifically regarding political views.
IDEOLOGY CAN BE DEFINED AS A COLLECTION OF VALUES AND BELIEFS. TO WHAT EXTENT DO MEDIA PRODUCTS TARGET AUDIENCES BY CONSTRUCTING AN IDEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD?YOU SHOULD REFER TO YOUR NEWSPAPER CLOSE STUDY PRODUCTS, THE I AND THE DAILY MAIL
Plan:
Intro- key terms
P1 introduce The daily mail and The i
P2 media regulation livingstone and lunt, hesmondhalgh
p3 audience has an ideology which newspaper enforcesd
In this essay I will be discussing how the CSPs of The Daily Mail and The I link to how media products target audiences by constructing a ideological view of the world. Ideology is defined as a collection of values of beliefs. I believe that The Daily Mail and The I create their ideologies through their positioning on the political compass. However to some extent the audience could be seen to influence their ideologies on the newspapers.
Firstly The Daily Mail can be seen as a right wing which supports a libertarian view in politics. This means that it fights for political freedom and minimise the states violation of individual’s liberties. These views can be seen through the Daily Mail’s edit on the 6th June where one of the headlines stated that “Only Starmer gains from this clueless plot” which suggest that Labour will gain from Conservative divisions over Boris and they are happy about this.
Further more, The Daily Mail is owned by The Daily Mail and General Trust and the current chairman is Jonathon Harmsworth. Previously, Harmsworth (Lord Rothermere) was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the Mail’s editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s. So showed the ideology of the Nazi party to construct an audience which were intrigued in what and why the Nazis were doing the things they were. This aimed to reach the dominated and possibly the negotiated reader as Stuart Hall would suggest because it wants to attract those who want to find out more about what was going on during the 1930’s.
Additionally, The Daily Mail also constructs an ideology of patriotism to target their audience of white, middle-class older men. This can be seen through the title of the front cover which states “joyous jubilee” showing that they are in support of the royals and proud to be apart of the celebrations and being British.
Perhaps some people may suggest that the newspaper influences their readers ideologies which can be seen when Martin Rowson created a cartoon about a van advertising The Daily Mail driving into a mosque influenced by a recent attack showing their position of their views on this attack. It implies there is a toxic relationship between the Daily Mail and the Muslim community reinforcing the ideology.
The i is horizontally intergrated with The Daily Mail and The Metro as it was brought by the Daily Mail and General Trust 29 November 2019, for £49.6 million. However, unlike The Daily Mail, it can be seen as leaning towards the left wing of the political spectrum, (the idea of neutral/ independent news is itself quite left wing). An example of their left wing views can be seen in the front cover ‘Johnson future turning toxic for Tories’ seems to be against Conservative / Boris Johnson and therefore they believe society is best served with an expanded role for the government. It is aimed at a younger audience which have the ideology that people should have freedom and more accepting of modern issues such as gay rights and transgender topics.
On the other hand, The i can be seen to not construct an ideology but instead allow it’s audience to construct their own ideology. This is enforced by the by-line for the paper which states “for open minds, there’s no left or right”. In the 2017 and 2019 UK general elections, the i chose not to endorse a political party which shows that they are not wanting to enforce an ideology upon readers and express their freedom of views.
In conclusion i do believe that both newspapers (The Daily Mail and The i) enforce their ideologies on issues such as politics, patriotism and business. However, the i is more neutral towards their viewpoints so attracts it’s audience less through the presentation of ideologies. Instead the readers approach the paper due to their ideologies. The Daily Mail’s ideology is very clear but The i’s is less clear.
IDEOLOGY CAN BE DEFINED AS A COLLECTION OF VALUES AND BELIEFS. TO WHAT EXTENT DO MEDIA PRODUCTS TARGET AUDIENCES BY CONSTRUCTING AN IDEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD? YOU SHOULD REFER TO YOUR NEWSPAPER CLOSE STUDY PRODUCTS, THE I AND THE DAILY MAIL.
In this essay I will be comparing the Daily Mail and The i to the theories depicted by James Curran and Jean Seaton, and Livingstone and Lunt. In addition, the target audiences are naturally going to construct different ideological views of the world after consuming these newspaper products, and I will explain why this is the case.
Firstly, the Daily Mail is a conservative, right-wing newspaper and has been for many many years. I know this because in the editions from Monday 6th June, there were repeated articles with patriarchal quotes such as “Joyous Jubilee” praising the royal family, suggesting that the Daily Mail frequently targets audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world. However, these articles may be biased in that the paper is owned by Viscount Lord Rothermere, and he is likely to be in strong and healthy relations with the royal family because of his position. In addition, these kinds of relations have been known to cause potential propaganda in the Daily Mail, as during the time of the Second World War the paper supported Hitler and Mussolini, likely because of the owner’s good relations with them. According to a 2021 report by the Media Reform Coalition, 90% of the UK-wide print media is owned and controlled by just three companies, Reach PLC (formerly Trinity Mirror), News UK and DMG Media. This links to Chomsky’s theory of Ownership and Curran/Seaton’s idea that the media is heavily controlled by a few powerful media corporations. It also goes against Habermas’ concept of the “Public Sphere”. They are constructed through horizontal and vertical integration and mergers – their main goal is to make money, as Hesmondhalgh describes the media industry as a “risky business”. As such, a lot of the newspaper’s articles will be geared towards it’s audiences point of view and will be reactionary to them, which suggests that “Critical journalism takes second place to the needs and interests of the corporation” as described by the 5 filters of the mass media machine a depicted by Noam Chomsky. This also relates to the ideas of Livingstone and Lunt, who say that the interests of citizens and those of consumers cannot be easily merged. However, the idea from Shannon and Weaver that messages (the hypodermic needle theory by Lasswell) can be interrupted or modified by noise or error, and as such lose clarity and consistency indicates that the potentially biased arguments constructed as a result of the Daily Mail’s political compass may not be received as they were intended. This links to libertarianism as we are allowed to think freely, and take into account the purpose behind the stories from the Daily Mail, and by doing so we go from passive consumers to active consumers and become more accustomed to not blindly following what the newspaper tells us in an Authoritarian fashion.
In addition, the Daily Mail has an online edition which is updated each day. In this, I saw an banner advert for mortgages, and these link to the idea that the paper is selling “us” as an audience to the advertisers. This takes away from the idea that we are a libertarian country in the UK, because we are being forced to consume advertisements which we may not want to, as this particular ad was on the front page and very hard to ignore. This also fits into one of Chomsky’s 5 pillars theory, being the role of advertising.
On the other hand, the I presents a much more varied viewpoint, being particularly left wing. This is important because it is still owned by the Daily Mail General Trust (DMGT) and so from this we can see that the DMGT are attempting to horizontally integrate, and cover all political bases and audiences in order to make the most money – particularly as the media industry is a “risky business”. The front cover of the I from Monday 6th June 2022 shows a viewpoint which seems to be against the conservatives, with the quote “Johnson’s future turning toxic for Tories” being made very apparent. The I could be said to be showing a much more realistic, harsh depiction of what is going on in the world, which shows that the paper’s true concerns are to highlight important issues and try to figure out how they can be solved. One example of this is ““Proof that the poorest people get hit worse by soaring inflation” which was a key subheading from the 6th of June 2022. This goes against the ideas of the Frankfurt School, who studied the manufacture (commodification) of pleasure and good experiences, as they knew that society and human beings were starting to crave these things.
The idea that the I presents a more radical outtake on the world around us may mean that there are less opportunities for money to be made. This is suggested by the fact that the weekend price of the I increased from £1 to £1.20 in September 2019. This was likely a measure with the intent of mitigating the risks involved with the media industry, as the average daily circulation (302,757 in March 2013) has been rapidly decreasing with the rise of technology (233,869 by February 2019). All of this shows that the extend to which the I targets audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world isn’t very large.
To conclude, the Daily Mail and The I present differing values and beliefs in their newspapers. These come from various different editors and journalists, and so are to be taken with a “grain of salt” due to the fact that the political compasses of these people are likely to play a heavy part in how the articles and papers are portrayed, linking with Chomsky’s idea of Flack. The Daily Mail could be said to construct an ideological view of the world in that it presents articles with the aim of satisfying it’s right-wing audience with patriarchal quotes such as “Joyous Jubilee” and indexical symbols, for example images of the royal family, painting them in a godly manner. This is all done to mitigate the risks laid out from the media industry as depicted by Hesmondhalgh. However, the I could be said to be more left-wing as it satisfies a very different audience, being more libertarian and focusing on the importance of freedom. The fact that the I is owned by the same company as the Daily Mail (DMGT) supports Curran and Seaton’s theory that big companies are able to waive regulations, and therefore retain power and dispose of companies creating newspapers not being beneficial to them. This suggests that the I does not construct a very ideological view of the world.
