Hesmondhalgh what is the differnece between culture industries and other industries`?
Cultural industries- For example, tarmacking a road is something that is essential. it is a necessity in life, however other industries such as media, is more for entertainment purposes.
Other industries is limited to what it can do where as in cultural industries are more able to adapt or be adapted, you can do many things with it to entertain or satisfy your intended audience.
media industries are a risky business according to Hesmondhalghs theory. You don’t know how people are going to react. however, in other industries such as Greggs if you sell a particular amount of goods one day you can likely predict what you can sell the next day based off the previous data.
Both industries rely on money to survive
industries
transnational media- Media that is accessible to multiple nations, not just limited to one.e.g. Netflix
commercial media- privately owned, audiences don’t pay. (adverts) e.g. itv
structure- patterns of ownership
No Offence
- Production: (Abbott Production/Abbott Vision. Same company that made Shameless. Is a horizontal integration
- Distribution (Vertical merger/integration- saves money)
- Consumption (Channel 4, vertical integration)
regulation of ownership(no monopolies)
Types of ownership [State/public ownership-BBC, commercial/private ownership-ITV, community-Hautlieu Radio]
Channel 4- mixed model/owned by government with adverts
Hesmondhalgh
‘Media is a risky business’
Public Service Broadcasting
what is it?
Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers.
BBC:
it is critical of the government
An ‘arms length’ away from government
Horizontal Integration = When a conglomerate acquires media companies of the same media type.
Vertical Integration = Ownerships that allow a media company to produce and distribute products.
the key theorists:
- Curran and Seaton- ‘Ownership of media industries’
- Hesmondhalgh- ‘Media is a risky business’
- Livingstone and Lunt- ‘Regulation’
media ownership
Characteristics of the public sphere
Curran and Seaton:
- ‘The media is controlled by a small number of companies that make products to create profit’
- ‘The business function of the media industry takes precedence over its creative/public service capacities’
- ‘PSB provides impartial news, serves minority audiences and champions national unity by offering inclusive rather than exclusive content.’
livingstone and lunt
( media work in school)
Audiences
Key theorist: Stuart Hall
stuart hall:
- ‘Encoding/Decoding’
- Professional media encodes messages using visual and aural cues
- Media encoding is affected by institutional context, media production processes and genre-driven routines.
- Media products are encoded using established production processes.
Passive Consumption:
Lasswell created a model explaining the ‘linear model of communication.’ This explains how people are ‘spoon fed’ information.
Active Consumption:
Larzarfeld created a simpler liner model (Two step flow model) explaining that messages from the media aren’t directly given to the audience, but is filtered by ‘opinion leaders/influencers,’ who influence audiences/masses to like something based on what they say.
Audience Research/ Psychographic profiles:
Quantitative- Social Grades
Qualitative- type of people they are (explorer/mainstreamer/aspirer)
Examples:
- No offence represents British national culture to a British audience, but this identity is also used as a selling point internationally through the appeal of difference
- No offence was broadcast on France2, the public service broadcaster, to very high viewing figures.
key Terms:
- Cultural industries
- Production
- Distribution
- Exhibition / Consumption
- Media concentration
- Conglomerates
- Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
- Cultural imperialism
- Vertical Integration
- Horizontal Integration
- Mergers
- Monopolies
- Gatekeepers
- Regulation
- Deregulation
- Free market
- Commodification
- Convergence
- Diversity
- Innovation
representation
David Gauntlet
David Gauntlett – identity theory. What is the theory? “Identity is complicated; everyone’s got one.” Gauntlett believes that while everyone is an individual, people tend to exist within larger groups who are similar to them. He thinks the media do not create identities, but just reflect them instead.
judith butler:
JUDITH BUTLER questions the belief that certain gendered behaviors are natural, illustrating the ways that one’s learned performance of gendered behavior (what we commonly associate with femininity and masculinity) is an act of sorts, a performance, one that is imposed upon us by normative heterosexuality.
language
language of moving image:
- narrative structure
- Propp- stock characters
- Steve Neale- genre
- Levi Strauss- binary opposition
