1. Overview: New media always creates change (printing press, telegram etc)
2. Q: so how has recent technology changed (society, individuals, organisations, ideas, beliefs etc etc)
3. CSP 1 – show knowledge of CSP
4. characteristics of new media (in reference to CSP 1)
5. theoretical / conceptual analysis of new media (loop theory, network theory, Dunbar number, McLuhan, Krotoski)
6. Critically thinking about new media (Baudrillard, McLuhan, Krotoski, B. F. Skinner, Zuboff, Lanier – are all essentially critical of new media technologies. But Gauntlett, Shirky, Jenkins are all very positive about new media technologies)
7. CSP 2 – show knowledge
8. Draw parallels and conclusions
9. Suggest future pathways / developments

Some themes and discussion points from Great Hack:

• The Exchange of Data –  The data which was collected by Cambridge Analytica was meant to be used as part of a sales strategy that involved creating massive campaigns that approached users in a personal manner. 
• Search for Truth – once people are aware of targeted ads it raises questions regarding fake news
• Behaviour Management
• Propaganda / Persuasion –
• Regulation

Sentient – able to perceive or feel things

Artificial Intelligence (AI)- the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making and translations between languages.

Types of AI – reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-aware AI.

1. the transformation of social interaction (audiences)
2. the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation)
3. the transformation of institutional structures (industry);and the changes in textual content and structure(language)
4. the transformation of audience consumption `

Overall, this could be described as the changing nature of symbolic interaction and a lot of the work on this blog is discussing this concept.

Key Terms

• Speed
• knowledge
• time
• communication
• understanding
• access
• privacy
• choice
• interactivity
• Storage
• retrieval

New Media	share	active	creative	host
example or comment	Facebook status		Widgets	Radio 1
	story 	re-connect	personalise	stream
example or comment	Tiktok	Social Media	Making your own social media accounts/ For you page Tiktok	Football/ World Cup
	experience	store	scale	immerse
example or comment		Apple store- download apps/ Contacts
	interface	live	adapt	binge
example or comment		Instagram	Adapting Apple Iphone’s every year to fit with circumstances and modernisation	Top Boy (netflix)
	conversation	re-perform	circulate	endless 
example or comment	Snapchat	Elf Yourself	News

Marshall McLuhan – The Medium is the message:

This means that the the technology (medium) is more important then the content.

“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication”

Krotoski also looks at the network effect, ‘the constant loop of digital information’ (Krotoski), which create a loop of action/reaction which allows for (companies to predict?) future action. This is an important concept for understanding how and why business masquerade their operations as personal interactions, which often appear to be ‘free’, but which can actually generate great reward.

TOPIC	NOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s	the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)	mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats	A total of 5.07 billion people around the world use the internet today  the world’s online connected population grew by more than 170 million in the 12 months to October 2022. The average global internet user now spends 6 hours and 37 minutes online each day, but this is actually 5 percent less than the daily average for October 2021. Added together, the world’s internet users will spend roughly 1.4 billion years of combined human existence online in 2022.  Nearly a third of respondents (29.3%) indicated that technology should be paired with a mental health professional, on average americans check their phone 344 times a day 15-16 have increased chance of developing adhd from high digital media use (medical use today ) 2021 average use of internet a day is 7 hrs a day, 415.5
Theodore Vail	The Network effect
Norbert Weiner Loop Theory	Loop Theory – predictive behaviour But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling) Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard) (Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’  an individual’s causal attributions of achievement affect subsequent behaviors and motivation. One of the primary assumptions of attribution theory is that people will interpret their environment in such a way as to maintain a positive self-image.
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar Number	The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirky	Clay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other.  an advocate and activist for the free culture movement, so I’m a pretty unlikely candidate for Internet censor. But I have just asked the students in my fall seminar to refrain from using laptops, tablets, and phones in class. pro new media
Vannavar Bush	associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim Berners–Lee	the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan	The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
	The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions

Postmodernism is the idea that individuals copy each other to form a similar version of what they are trying to portray and change into a more different style to form a different truth.

1. Pastiche =  a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist.
2. Parody =  a work of art, drama, literature or music that imitates/mocks the work of a previous artist with ridicule or irony.
3. Bricolage = Bricolage is a technique or creative mode, where works are constructed from various materials available or on hand, and is often seen as a characteristic of postmodern art practice.
4. Intertextuality = can be a reference or parallel to another literary work, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style.
5. Referential
6. Surface and style over substance and content
7. Metanarrative
8. Hyperreality
9. Simulation (sometimes termed by Baudrillard as ‘Simulacrum’) 
10. Consumerist Society
11. Fragmentary Identities – he notion of separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighbourhood, the local community, the
12. Alienation
13. Implosion
14. cultural appropriation
15. Reflexivity
16. Deconstructive postmodernism = expresses the consequences of an idealism that has taken the linguistic turn and then has seen through the language

18;44 edited sellotape over mouths

The play on “Top Gear’s Smallest car episode” with the small 1 seater car joke.

margrat thatcher played as a man

there is an argument that postmodern culture is a consumer culture, where the emphasis on style eclipses the emphasis on utility or need. So that ultimately there is no real value to postmodern culture other than the need for consumption. If this is the case, then it is possible to link postmodernist cultural expression with broader shifts in society, specifically around economics and politics. individualism

e creation, development and concentration of high consumption, with a displacement of both consumption and production that has radically altered the nature of societies and individuals living in them. This approach in terms of postmodernism is associated with Fredric Jameson‘s

Theme	Newsbeat	War of the Worlds
Ownership	Owned by the BBC, the BBC is owned and payed for the by the public. Payed through TV licenses BBC Charter: Educate, Inform, Entertain	Owned by CBS, CBS is payed for by Paramount global. Privately owned, available to everyone.
Regulation	Regulated by Ofcom which receives it regulation rules through the UK gov. Also regulates off of the BBC’s Charter.	CBS is regulated by the The Federal Communications Commission (US FCC)
Habermas	Transformation of the public sphere, the BBC (when making money) re-invests it into BBC to make it better, adapt it and sticks to their charter tighter.	Sticks to making a profit rather than bettering itself. Does not transform the public sphere, the polar opposite of the BBC.
Chomsky
Audience	Active consumption, choosing to listen in and create opinions and thoughts based on the stories which are on the media/radio from newsbeat.	Passive consumption, taking in what war of the worlds is saying and just believing it.
Lazarfeld	two-step flow of mass communication – gravitate to people who share the same interests  The book explains that people’s reactions to media messages are mediated by interpersonal communication with members of their social environment.	not everyone who was terrorised by the radio play was actually listening to the broadcast. They heard the rumours from people they trusted in their social circle.
audience (active/passive)	uses and gratifications Audiences are more active, they are not just given programmes that they want but are given what they need (Paternalism)	Audiences are more passive, they are only shown the programmes that they want to allow in order for CBS to make a profit.
Stuart Hall	Hall’s encoding / decoding model of communication offers three hypothetical positions – the dominant, oppositional, and negotiated readings.	In terms of Stuart Hall’s reception theory and his encoding / decoding model of communication, this is the audience’s framework of knowledge.
New Technology	Newsbeat is on social media, internet radio and apps.
Cross media creation	Newsbeat is on social media, internet radio and apps. Can be read and understood on different platforms for the younger audiences to access it anywhere and whenever they want.
Curran		“profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity” CBS creating the idea of a a massive panic to create a huge amount of money over the idea of making a good entertainment.
Seaton	POWER AND MEDIA: patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. Controls how they want to target audiences that are informed and want to learn. Seaton says “Sells audiences to advertisers not products to audiences” which the BBC doesn’t do, they do this by sticking to their “educate” ethos and making stories to educate.	Provides to audiences the idea of entertainment without sticking to any sort of ethos or education. Only entertainment and selling a big story which we don’t know is true (I.E people running out of their homes in fear of the story that they are hearing.

RADIO CSP 1 – NEWSBEAT

Newsbeat is the BBC’s radio news programme broadcast on Radio 1. Newsbeat is produced by BBC News but differs from the BBC’s other news programmes in its remit to provide news tailored for a specifically younger audience of teenagers and early twentysomethings.

Extra Examples: Newsbeat is an example of a transitional media product which reflects changes in the contemporary media landscape. Newsbeat is both a traditional radio programme with regular, scheduled broadcast times, but it is also available online after broadcast.

Media Industries

The BBC is a Public Service Broadcaster, funded via the TV license fee. No advertisements. Focuses on informative and educate. Large Company. Also broadcast on BBC radio 1 extra, a digital radio channel reflecting popularity of converged / merged online technology. Aimed at a more urban black audience, reflecting BBC’s remit to provide content for a diverse audience. Reaching and connecting with anyone.

There might be a voice ident where the presenter mentions the name of the broadcast and the current time: “This is Newsbeat at 3.45pm”. The intro could be in the form of a bulletin – a list of the main stories which will be featured in the broadcast. / The Newsbeat producers responded to this challenge by serving content on their website, YouTube channel, Twitter account and Instagram profile. Taking a multi-platform approach ensures the product remains relevant to its audience.

Media Audiences

Stuart Hall argued producers encoded meaning and values into their texts which was then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our individual frameworks of knowledge. / Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.

Possible Questions

1. Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.
2. To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?
3. Identify two strategies or techniques used by Radio 1 to attract a youth audience Explain the reason for each

10 facts

1. John Reith was the BBC’s first general manager when it was set up as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922 and he was its first Director-General when it became a public corporation in 1927.
2. Broadcasting House was the BBC’s first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting.
3.  the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting.
4. it is widely thought that the name “Newsbeat” was taken from the Radio Caroline news service of the same name, as was the concept of short bulletins on the half-hour.
5. Roisin Hastie Radio 1 Newsbeat interview (Breakfast newsreader)
6. Pria Rai (Afternoon newsreader and programme presenter)
7. Newsbeat is notable for the distinctive musical imaging it has used for most of its history. At first, this was a just jingle at the beginning of the bulletin, but in the late 1990s this expanded to music throughout.
8. The BBC was officially created on 18 October 1922.
9. Reith wrote in his diary on applying for the BBC job – “I know nothing whatsoever about broadcasting”, but then very few people did. It was so new and few guessed how it would evolve to become so compelling a part of everyone’s life.
10. This started in 1923, costing 10 shillings, then split 50/50 between the BBC and the Government.
11. Radio coverage was patchy in the UK, securing 94% reach across the UK.
12. Women over 21 got the vote in 1928, and the BBC created The Week in Parliament, to help women navigate their early understanding of the world of politics.

Justification

Radio xtra is a digital radio channel reflecting popularity of converged / merged online technology that reflects BBC’s remit to provide content for a more wider and diverse audience, so that they can satisfy their audience by not targeting a preferred section of the popularity.

broadcasting – for a mass audience

narrowcasting – to a niche audience

10 key elements

Re-cap of Press:

Acting	Was of good quality, believable
Lighting	Good quality
Camera angles	Good camera angles
Editing	Editing was mostly good but felt rushed towards end.
Storyline	Sometimes the plot line of each episode was weak and didn’t have much progression
Set	amazing set
sound	quality sound
props	appropriate – fine details
costume	appropriate costume – realistic
script	good dialogue

What is the BBC charter What three things does it say the BBC must do?The BBC’s mission is defined by​​Royal Charter​: to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which ​inform, educate​and ​entertain​.

The BBC Charter is a royal charter setting out the arrangements for the governance of the British Broadcasting Corporation

what is the difference between populism and paternalism

Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.

Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm.

bbc set themselves up to say what is good for you

lord reith’s founding principles still influence the bbc today. he didnt even know what broadcasting is.

• Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere
• Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting
• James Curran – Power and Responsibility
• Sonia Livingston – regulation of media organisations
• Noam Chomsky – manufacturing consent

1. Lord Reith and early days of BBC 10:41 – 13:05
2. The start of BBC Television 14:00 – 16:00 Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space. habermas and helping audiences make decisions
3. The fear of new technology what are the fears around new technologies?
4. The centre of everything – is that still the case now? no other forms of mass media

29 mil ppl watched queens funeral

bbc is like social cement

links to frankfurter school – they talk about culture industry and how we need to use our free/ leisure time productively meaning to develop ourselves and rather than do what we choose(populism).

habermas – transformation of the public sphere bbc

transformation of time and space

• the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives,
• the link between individuals and celebrities, royalty, politicians etc,
• the connection towards major events – Cup Finals, Coronations, abdications, funerals, economic unrest etc,
• the way in which BBC acts as ‘social cement’

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere– The idea that the media such as BBC transforms people’s (audience) lives in a way to help them make connections with people in the media, such as the royal family.

Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting

“broadcasting in britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good “

Beveridge – ” the work of broadcasting should be regarded as a public service for a social purpose”

” the concept of broadcasting has always been of service , comprehensive in character, with the duty of a public corporation of bringing to public awareness the whole range of activity and expression developed in soceity”

“one cause of the collapse of the principle of pbs has been the deterioration in the relationship between state and broadcasting”

“the independence of broadcasting from the state has recently been seen as the most important condition of the services accountability “

newsbeat

Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.
To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?

1. The BBC is a Public Service Broadcaster, funded via the TV license fee. No advertisements.
2. Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.
3. bbc ethos is to inform,educate,entertain
4. In terms of demographics, the BBC Trust claims Radio 1 targets people who are aged 15-29. However, RAJAR suggests the average listener is actually 30:
5. According to Statista, Radio 1 reached just under 9 million listeners every week in the first quarter of 2020.
6. Newsbeat producers responded to the challenge of traditional print media by serving content on their website, YouTube channel, Twitter account and Instagram profile. Taking a multi-platform approach ensures the product remains relevant to its audience.
7. bbc has a responsibility of for public service

i want to argue that the BBC producers have encoded meanings and values into their texts which is then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our indivudual frameworks of knowledge as stuart hall suggested in his reception thory. This is seen in Newsbeat as they have had to compete against stereotypical and print media and the conventions of radio news channels

Stuart Hall argued producers encoded meaning and values into their texts which was then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our individual frameworks of knowledge. / Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.

-Owned by a small company called “IceBerg Press” which is only a small amount of staff running a full magazine.
-The editor of “Oh! Comely” worked at Hearst as deputy editor of the “coast” magazine.
-Sykes recalls. “We didn’t like the fact that print dying was becoming a self fulfilling prophecy”
-The world of magazines has never been more vibrant and innovative, but you wouldn’t know it from the average newsstand today. From Iceberg Press website
-Feminist Magazine

-The front covers words “Power”, “Strong” and “Hard-Won” gives a powerful representation of woman, feminist critical thinking.
-The girl is wearing covering clothing and short hear, showing that she is not being sexualised and in fact is being displayed as her, not a body, as a human.
-Lack of huge amount of makeup, making it more like she is being displayed for her and her humanity, rather than her “beauty”

Oh Comely magazine is a niche women’s lifestyle publication with a strong feminist perspective. It launched in 2010 and publishes six issues a year. It describes itself:

“Oh Comely is a curious, honest and playful independent magazine. It’s a place to meet strangers, hear their stories and look at life a little differently – where our readers are our writers and our models, too.

“Each issue we pick a theme and see where it takes us. We try something old, something new and something that scares us a bit. Then we present our findings in a beautiful, artbook style, putting new writing, photography and illustration talent at the heart of it.”

There are many potential audience pleasures for Oh Comely readers. Applying Blumler & Katz’s Uses & Gratifications theory, three in particular would be:

Personal identity: Readers enjoy having their quirky, creative lifestyle and feminist viewpoint endorsed and reflected by the magazine.

Personal relationships: Oh Comely is presented in a particularly personal way. It is the creation of three university friends, the magazine offers background on the contributors and readers are encouraged to ‘get to know’ the editorial team.

Surveillance: Oh Comely deliberately looks to inform its readers about niche stories, events and

According to hall stereotypes are part of representation but Oh Comely overturns the usual stereotypes of females

Social and Cultural Contexts

Oh Comely is part of a development in lifestyle and environmental movements of the early twenty first century which rebrand consumerism as an ethical movement. Its representation of femininity reflects an aspect of the feminist movement which celebrates authenticity and empowerment.

	What do you know about	What meaning or understandings do you have of their ideas? Put another way – how can you apply their ideas to your CSP’s?
Noam Chomsky	He wrote The Manufacture of Consent with Edward Herman in 1988 He came up with the 5 filters: 1. media ownership, 2. role of advertising, 3. official sources, 4. flak, 5. common enemy	Chomsky can be used in terms of media ownership, audience effects, textual analysis and representation. Essentially, he argued that the mass media is used by the elite in society to ‘manufacture consent’ towards the dominant ideology. So for example, it is possible to see this in terms of the Daily Mail (with it’s pro-establishment views on money, the monarchy, the military, patriarchy etc media ownership) It is also possible (to some extent) to see this in terms of Tomb Raider, Score (prioritising patriarchal values, role of advertising) Challenges to the process of ‘consent’ (ie alternative views to society can be found in Blinded by the Light, Letter to the Free, Ghost Town (dispelling the myth of the common enemy?)
James Curran	writes about the Liberal Free Press Is connected to the ideas of Habermas Writes specifically about diversity in terms of of ownership, participation, representation, consumption Media and Power addresses three key questions about the relationship between media and society. *How much power do the media have? *Who really controls the media? *What is the relationship between media and power in society?	A range of voices and ownership maintains a healthy media as there is argument, dissent, disagreement and NOT CONSENT (?? ie Chomsky) Can be used in terms of Film CSP (which only looks at ownership) Newspapers (concentration of ownership and regulation of ownership and control) Common / The Specials / Blinded by the Light all explore issues of power and control. Providing alternative voices? Maybe new media stuff as well?
Jean Seaton
Jurgen Habermas	Habermas wrote about the Transformation of the public sphere in 1962 With the introduction of the printing press, reading and writing transformed the way in which ideas and decisions were made. The public sphere is where public decisions are made (ie courts, parliament) The private sphere is where private decisions are made (family, friends etc) Habermas thought that new forms of media enabled ordinary citizens to be more actively engaged in society. which formed a new phenomenon called public opinion. Spearheading this shift was the growth of a literary public sphere	Habermas is key for the role of media in promoting a better, more inclusive society (eg in politics, morals, ethics). Particularly useful for news, information This means that the media is really important for helping individuals to connect to society and be part of the decision making process. It is an example of how democracy works. It stops authoritarian regimes or (hopefully) inequality It promotes participation and emancipation.
SEMIOTICS	Pierce (icon, index, symbol) Barthes (connotation, denotation, myth) De Saussure (signifier, signified)   Founding / starting point for TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ie need to use this language for analysing texts (print, moving image, web etc)	Essentially communication is based on sign systems – the way signs are organised is really important as it can reveal social, political messaging.   For example Barthes discusses how dominant ideologies are maintained through culture and communication (as opposed to violence)   This links with Gramsci’s notion of HEGEMONY   Think for example, dominant signifiers, size, scale, placement etc   Important for practical work as well as CSP’s   There will be 2 unseen CSP’s which will be testing this knowledge / understanding.
REPRESENTATION	No real specific theories or theorist (from my perspective) although board does use Gauntlet, Feminist critical thinkers (Mulvey etc)   Use of radical and reactionary representations   Use of stereotypes and countertypes	Again fundamental to media, cultural studies. So will definitely be a question about this.   Again really fundamental to the process of POWER (asserting and maintaining power) – ie Barthes, Gramsci etc   CSP’s clearly a selection of reactionary (Daily Mail, The i , Tomb Raider, Score) and radical texts (Maybelline, Common, Blinded by the Light, Ghost Town)   Some create an ambiguous representation (Metroid)   BE CAREFUL THAT IT IS NOT JUST A PERSONAL RANT (ie unsupported by evidence)
David Gauntlett	1. fluidity of identity 2. Negotiated identity 3. Constructed identity 4. Collective identity	Gauntlett is suggesting that identity is not fixed and set (ie objective) that it is changeable ‘fluid’ that it is a process of ‘negotiation’ perhaps in terms of where we are and who we are interacting with. That our individual identity is part of an overall collective identity. And that in summary it is ‘constructed’ or made as opposed to being genetic, predisposed, biological, fixed, already in place etc etc In relation to Men’s Health we can see how different versions of ‘maleness’ or masculinity are presented. For example, the older runner, the hyped-up, pumped-up Alpha male, the reflective loving male, the psychologically thoughtful male etc. All of these individual identities can be understood in a broader paradigm of male identity – diverse, contradictory and complex. Specifically on page 71 there is a photo shoot of 9 males from different countries (ie different nationalities and cultural backgrounds) united a single dominant representation of ‘maleness’ /masculinity (they are all photographed in black and white and arranged a single image)
AUDIENCE	Audience is key topic.   Lots of different people and terms to know: Lasswell Lazarfeld Gerbner Stuart Hall   Active / passive / cultivation theory / theory of preferred reading.	Different audience approaches have altered over time (ie passive hypodermic model vs uses and gratifications)   Audience is underpins other approaches eg analysis (semiotics, representation) and ownership (Chomsky, Habermas etc)
Paul Lazarfeld	Two step flow of communication – the use of opinion leaders,	the suggestion that people actively seek out information that aligns with their own perspective – does this indicate that they thereby seek reassurance and validation of their own ideas??
Uses and Gratifications	A theory of audience consumption that claims that audiences are ACTIVE. developed by a number of social scientist roughly in the 1960’s and 1970’s (eg > Katz, Gurevitch and Hass > Blumer, McQuail, Brown some attribute this theory to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs	They suggest that audiences seek PLEASURE, NEEDS, USES, GRATIFICATIONS etc These are divided into PERSONAL NEEDS escapism entertainment knowledge and understanding SOCIAL NEEDS knowledge of the world being together with friends and family
Stuart Hall	Theory of Preferred Reading – that we ACTIVELY decode media messages	Hall suggests that there is a separation between reality and representation – that although we can identify some objective moments – the meaning of those moments remain CONSTESTED and OPEN TO INTERPRETATION. Hall provides a framework for DECODING MESSAGES either we: 1. ACCEPT THE DOMINANT MESSAGE 2. NEGOTIATE THE DOMINANT MESSAGE 3. REJECT THE DOMINANT MESSAGE How can we understand this? Because we are ACTIVE CITIZENS who DECODE media messages based on our own SUBJECTIVE IDENTITY. Think gender, race, ethnicity, politics, economics, geography, education, ability etc etc Is there ONLY 1 READING / MEANING? No. Hall argues that there are MULTIPLE / CONTESTED MEANINGS, READINGS, INTERPETATIONS. But doesn’t that leave society and individuals a little lost on what is true and what is not? We look at this when we look at POSTMODERNISM.
Feminist Critical Thinking	Mulvey Butler Feminist Frequency Tori Moi Jean Kilbourne	It is a key position or perspective to read culture (eg media texts) It critically engages with the concept of patriarchy
Postcolonialism,	Franz Fanon  Paul Gilroy, Black Atlantic Experience Edward Said, Orientalism Jacques Lacan The ‘Other’	Postcolonialism very important in terms of looking at society from a white, male perspective (ie dominant patriarchy perspective)
Narrative Theories	Todorov, Freytag, Propp, Levi-Strauss, Chatman, Barthes	This is a STRUCTURALIST approach to analysing texts. That means it looks at overall structures and patterns. The way things (like narratives, stories etc) are organised. It shows how important familiarity (and difference) is.
Genre
Key terms for Industry and Business	vertical / horizontal integration Mergers Monopoly Cartel conglomerate Risk and reward (high risk / high reward) Risky business ‘Hesmondhalgh’ concentration of ownership Regulation and control Authoritarian / Libertarian Political Compass (left leaning / right leaning)	The question on Film is only about institution – so if this comes up will need to apply lots of these terms Also useful for TV question Also useful in terms of marketing, promotions etc
PSB public service broadcasting	Curran and Seaton Chomsky Habermas BBC Channel 4 Ideas of the liberal Free Press	Fundamental to the structure of ownership and control IN RELATION to participation of ALL members of society in the political, economic system known as DEMOCRACY. Fine principles! But how does this work out in practice? Think ownership of newspapers? Role of government in terms of BBC? The current debate around privatisation of Channel 4 And of course – how this applies to the INTERNET?!
Stuart Hall		what we are consuming from the media is simply a meaning of an event has been interpreted. the event itself doesnt have a meaning until it is represented in the media and people find and create a meaning, what we see in the media is not necessarily what is happening but a representation of what some people may think.
George Gerbner	Cultivation Theory suggests Television influences its audience to the extent that their world view and perceptions start reflecting what they repeatedly see meaning TV is considered to contribute independently to the way people perceive social reality and will have an effect on the audience’s attitudes and values. Long term exposure to violent media makes the audience less likely to be shocked by violence. Being less shocked by violence the audience may then be more likely to behave violently.	Cultivation theory suggests that repeated exposure to television over time can subtly ‘cultivates’ viewers’ perceptions of reality. George Gerbner and Larry Gross theorised that TV is a medium of the socialisation of most people into standardised roles and behaviours. The criticism of this theory is that screen violence is not the same as real violence. Many people have been exposed to screen murder and violence, but there is no evidence at all that this has lead audiences to be less shocked by real killings and violence. media consumption mainstreaming wants the wolrd to believe the same ideologies shirky believes gerbners theory is not applicable to modern forms of meida. the media has chnaged and audiences are more active and believes you can no longer talk about users of media products as an audience

https://www.nusa.org.uk/data/documents/52/Theory_Knowledge_Organiser_B__VTice.pdf

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/media-studies-level-revision/cultivation-theory

Cultivation Theory

For my newspaper NEA I am going to produce the front cover of a local newspaper, called CIN (channel island news). This will be aimed at an audience of all ages living in the region who are interested in national and international news stories as well as stories relating specifically to the local area.

In terms of layout and design, I am going to follow the style model of our CSP (The i). This has a main image (half page) with two ‘plugs‘ or ‘ears‘ (ie headline stories from inside the paper), underneath a strapline for my paper. I will also have a masthead, barcode and other institutional details (time, date, price etc).

For my main story I am going to write about Unruly children ‘making a mockery out of the police’ in Jersey estate described as ‘like a war zone’, this is a current issue in Jersey and the police have described these teens as having ANTISOCIAL behaviour and allegedly young children are ‘getting out of hand’ on an estate, a resident has warned – despite an increased police presence in the area. Underneath the main image I will have the body article and a fictional image of unruly children being antisocial towards police. Unlike my style model I will have about 150-200 words which will form the main article (which will be continued inside the paper) which will be set out in columns, with a big drop cap on the first letter of the first word. I will also have a contents bar at the bottom / footer.

Overall, the paper will be clean, contemporary and stylish, for example, I will use sans serif font and feature more hard news than soft news (ie no gossip or celebrity news, as well as a focus on words over images). I will employ a formal register, using mature and sophisticated vocabulary. I will follow the inverted pyramid structure for my main story. I will also use a pastel colour palette – yellows, oranges etc.

body text for front page

Antisocial behaviour is very common withing the youth of today, but it has gotten to the point that the Jersey States of police have said unruly children are making a mockery out of them. The JEP has spoken to several Islanders living around Cheapside who did not wish to be identified for fear of retribution and are buying cameras to try and ‘secure’ their homes.

One resident Joshua Ligera has described the area as a “war zone” in which children were throwing stones at windows, and damaging property whilst in posession of weapons.

The States police are carrying out regular patrols on Kesington Place at cheapside and the Community Policing Team is working with residents, businesses and other agencies to try to address the issue. One of the Centeniers for the parish, Dylan Mcgarragle , said he was aware of incidents involving ‘unruly’ children who were throwing stones and running away with weapons. ‘It’s hard to pinpoint and the trouble is by the time you get there they are all gone.”

He said it was difficult to estimate the ages of those involved, but noted that some of the children were ‘certainly’ under 12 years old. One resident told the JEP the situation was ‘getting out of hand’. ‘Kids have been breaking windows and throwing eggs, throwing stones, damaging cars, pulling out knifes – the place is like a war zone. ‘Something has to be done because it is getting really bad now,’ they said. ‘We are all buying cameras to secure the properties – it’s not a safe place,’ the resident added, estimating that the youngsters involved ranged between 8 and 17 years old. Another resident said the increased police presence had made ‘no difference at all’. ‘They [the officers] are as good as gold – they talk to the residents and they do their patrols but these kids are making a mockery out of them,’ they added. A police spokesperson said: ‘The Community Policing Team are working in partnership with residents, businesses and agencies to understand and address incidents of antisocial behaviour in Five Oaks.

‘The St Helier community officer, PC Amber Jones, and other officers regularly patrol the area with the aim of preventing incidents and reassuring residents, workers and visitors that police take antisocial behaviour seriously.’

They added: ‘PC Woolley encourages everyone to report incidents of anti-social behaviour and crime to the police, or provide information with complete anonymity through Crimestoppers. Antisocial behaviour is when someone’s behaviour causes harassment, alarm or distress to others who are not of the same household as the person causing it.’

An Andium Homes spokesperson said: ‘Les Cinq Chênes is our site and we are aware of some issues relating to alleged antisocial behaviour, although it is certainly not clear that this is necessarily being caused just by estate residents. These issues are, quite rightly, being handled by the police, supported by us and other statutory agencies such as the Children’s Service.’

They explained that, as the landlord for the homes, they did not have the statutory powers to addressantisocial behaviour ‘in the way that the police can’.

‘Our powers, such as they are, are limited to eviction – but only if the antisocial behaviour relates to a tenant – even then this is a lengthy and often complex process which is ultimately determined by the courts, not by us,’ they said.

‘The message we want to give residents is that we are keen to know about instances of antisocial behaviour that impact on them and we will support the police in addressing those issues.

‘What is vitally important is that residents do take the time to report issues to the police, if possible at the time they are happening,’ they added.