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1. Pastiche =  a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist.
2. Parody =  an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.
3. Bricolage = the process of improvisation in a human endeavour
4. Intertextuality = can be a reference or parallel to another literary work, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style.
5. Referential= of, containing, or constituting a reference
6. Surface and style over substance and content= although someone looks immaculately dressed or styled, behind the façade, there is no substance or content.
7. Metanarrative=  concerns narratives of historical meaning, experience or knowledge and offers legitimation of such through the anticipated completion of some master idea
8. Hyperreality= the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality
9. Simulation (sometimes termed by Baudrillard as ‘Simulacrum’) 
10. Consumerist Society= a society in which people often buy new goods, especially goods that they do not need, and in which a high value is placed on owning many things.
11. Fragmentary Identities= multidisciplinary collaboration, involving visual communication, performative arts and fashion
12. Alienation= a withdrawing or separation of a person or a person’s affections from an object or position of former attachment
13. Implosion=  a situation in which something fails suddenly and completely, or the fact of this happening
14. Cultural appropriation= an inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
15. Reflexivity= the fact of someone being able to examine their own feelings, reactions, and motives
16. Deconstructive postmodernism = deconstructionism is a challenge to the attempt to establish any ultimate or secure meaning in a text.

Postmodernism can therefore be understood (more than other creative movements) as deliberate, intended, self-conscious play (about play?), signs about signs, notes to notes? 

 It may even be ironic, joking, or literally, ‘just playing’. However, it is always a deliberate copy (of the old).

 clearly entails a recognition (a nod and a wink) to what it was and where it came from.

INDIVIDUALISM’

, it may be possible to identify the extent to which our economic experience is now characterised by what we buy (consumption) than what we make (production). 

there is an argument that postmodern culture is a consumer culture

 the extent to which the UK and much of Western Europe has shifted from manufacturing economies to consuming economies – ie we are structured around consuming things more than making things.

it is possible to link postmodernist cultural expression with broader shifts in society, specifically around economics and politics.

For our radio production, we will be creating an hour long program which is on the discussion of The BBC. Within our show we will be playing music which is related to the BBC e.g. the Beatles as they were discovered on top of the pops (a BBC production). With help from the BBC website, we will be doing a brief time line of the BBC highlighting key points such as the world cup. We will be sourcing audio clips which are related to our topic of the BBC such as, audio from Apollo 11, queens coronation, commentary from England winning the world cup.

hybrid radio form

The broadcast and the initial response to it has historical significance as an early, documented, example of the mass media apparently having a direct effect on an audience’s behavior. 

War of the Worlds provides an historical context for broadcasting, being produced at a period when radio was the only form of domestic media; the 1930s and 1940s became known as the ‘golden age’ of radio.

Audiences

The Daily News in New York went with the headline “Fake Radio ‘War’ stirs terror through U.S.”

hypodermic needle theory- media text cant have a powerful and immediate effect on the passive audience. So many terrified listeners “rushed out of their houses”

Cultivation theory- This explains the hysteria. Gerbner– heavy television users. If texts resonate with the viewer, they become more susceptible to its message.

Even the two-step flow model of communication provides some insight into how the panic unfolded. For instance, a “throng of playgoers had rushed” from a “theatre” because “news” of the invasion had “spread” to the audience. The New York Times also reported how the “rumor” of war “spread through the district and many persons stood on street corners hoping for a sight of the ‘battle’ in the skies”.⁷ Therefore, not everyone who was terrorised by the radio play was actually listening to the broadcast. They heard the rumours from people they trusted in their social circle.

To fully appreciate why some listeners panicked, we need to consider the historical and social context behind the broadcast. In terms of Stuart Hall’s reception theory and his encoding / decoding model of communication, this is the audience’s framework of knowledge

Stuart Halls reception theory- Why some listeners panicked

“a wave of mass hysteria seized thousands of radio listeners” 

Radio was a new platform- became beneficial, families, news entertainment.

Mercury on the air theatre segment- for people interested in drama and theatre

Directed and narrated- Orson Wells

Orson wells- successful, familiar voice to families= engage audiences.

writer= howard koch

based on an existing book- HG wells

Book had previous fan base who are familiar with story- reduces risk

Designed to feel like a real life breaking news broadcast

-fake interruptions to give it a real feel e.g orchestra

-to get auidences on edge

-reporter o scene- panicked voice

-real locations e.g new york city- engaged audiences

– radio falls silent ‘is there anyone there’

creating fear in an audiences that believed it was real

no ads- added to feeling of reality, suspend disbelief, immerse themselves.

several reports of panic and real.

huge number of police calls 2000 in 2 hours- real worried audiences

power cut coincidence – escalated panic.

12500 new paper articles- big reaction from audiences

possible deaths, heart attacks, hospital emissions.

why?

historical context– just before ww2

conflict and tensions from diff countrys – fearing invasions e.g germany v europe, munich

misinterpretations – germans invading.

warning in intro- audiences missed it

no tv, social media- could only talk to the police.

less educated audience- likely to accept it was real.

modern day- used to fiction

many complaints hadnt listened only read, heard from friends.

audiences react without hearing- sheep- Two step flow theory

news papers exaggerated- radio, newspapers competition

Industry

news was filled with tension e.g hitlers rise to power, war.

people turned to radio- opportunity which was more up to date, globally.

radio station- columbia broadcasting company cbc

relied on getting large numbers of listeners

need for high revenue, rating- broadcast controversial

directed- orson wells

-young prodigy

-borrowed ideas- inspired by the barricades

writer- howard cotch

-success with sci-fi products- Lower the risk

based on book- has fan base

-reduces risk

changed the setting- modern day new york

-in order to be more up to date and marketable

-lots of actors, voice over actors, orchastra, sound effects.

self regulation

-cbs changed the real names and companys to fictional to not get sued

-later reminders that it was fiction

scheduling- October 30th – day before Halloween ‘halloween special’

FCC radio regulators- got lots of complaints

banned fictionalised news reports.

Newsbeat is the BBC’s radio news programme broadcast on Radio 1.

differs from the BBC’s other news programmes in its remit to provide news tailored for a specifically younger audience of teenagers and early twentysomethings.

Extra Examples: Newsbeat is an example of a transitional media product which reflects changes in the contemporary media landscape. Newsbeat is both a traditional radio programme with regular, scheduled broadcast times, but it is also available online after broadcast.

Media Industries

digital audio broadcast (DAB)

The BBC is a Public Service Broadcaster, funded via the TV license fee. No advertisements. Focuses on informative and educate. Large Company. Also broadcast on BBC radio 1 extra, a digital radio channel reflecting popularity of converged / merged online technology. Aimed at a more urban black audience, reflecting BBC’s remit to provide content for a diverse audience. Reaching and connecting with anyone.

There might be a voice ident where the presenter mentions the name of the broadcast and the current time: “This is Newsbeat at 3.45pm”. The intro could be in the form of a bulletin – a list of the main stories which will be featured in the broadcast. / The Newsbeat producers responded to this challenge by serving content on their website, YouTube channel, Twitter account and Instagram profile. Taking a multi-platform approach ensures the product remains relevant to its audience.

Newsbeat was launched on 10 September 1973

presenters- Prison Hastie and ben Mundy

15 min program – available to download

Not gender specific ]

Sony radio acedemy award.

The programme’s first presenter was the Radio 1 DJ Ed Stewart and he was succeeded by Laurie Mayer and Richard Skinner.

Media Audiences

Stuart Hall argued producers encoded meaning and values into their texts which was then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our individual frameworks of knowledge. / Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.

More 15 to 24-year-olds (34% of them) get their news from Newsbeat than from any other BBC TV or radio outlet.

…

1. tailored for younger audiences
2. transitional media- live show, recordings, video.
3. Not gender specific
4. funded by tv licence (hypotheticated tax)

…

gerb

hall

1. how does the BBC industry work in terms of news beat.
2. how is representation presented though the BBC in terms of news beat.
3. how does BBC attract audiences, in terms of news beat.

I understand that the BBC which is government regulated, owns News beat and takes a transitional approach in order to appeal to a younger audience who are shying away from radio.

dominant signifier – fully clothed, focus on face

The central image is of a woman who is shown in an androgynous way meaning she is not seen with more masculine or feminine fashion traits. In other words a blur between male traits and female traits.
Unlike other magazines aimed at females, she is not overly sexualised (male gaze).

he headline which is written in bold gives a clear indication that the articles to follow with talk about empowerment of women.

Speaking out feature – A FGM campaigner is featured in one of the speaking out sections. She is a young Muslim woman who talks about FGM and the issues around it. This is an example of representation of culture and diversification in the magazine.

The capitalised “Sister” creates a group identity towards the target audience, a group- a sisterhood where readers come together and create.

Gerbners can also be used to show representation throughout the magazine, he argues that nothing has a representation until the media represents it to try and create a fixed meaning to which the audience can argue against; for example people being perceived as trouble makers from repeated stereotypes of them represented in the media- we can see how Oh Comely tries to oppose the reactionary representations that have been displayed in the media and recreate them as strong. An example is page 15 where someone from Somalia wearing a headscarf (which is represented in western media as “terrorists”) is surrounded by a syntagm of signs such as the iconic signs of colour that have high connotations to positivity and a semantic field of strength through words such as “unstoppable force” and personal pronouns to extenuate her achievements to redesign the stereotype into a counterstereotype- a person of power and positivity.

Industry-

Launched in 2010

published by the “proudly independent” Iceberg Press.

Iceberg Press is completely different to Hearst UK – the publisher of Men’s Health and subsidiary of global conglomerate Hearst.

It publishes just two magazines: Oh Comely and The Simple Things

Social Media Reach: 100,000 Readers Per Issue: 25,000 Average Age of reader: 27 Sold through independents, WHSmith and international outlets

‘a mindful magazine with a fresh perspective.’

Each issue was available to purchase for £5 in a few newsagents, independent retailers, cafes and museums. – £14 for six months (3 issues).

The publishers wanted to “celebrate the humble, the frugal and the plentiful; the magic in the mundane, and the unsung beauty of the unnoticed”. This is obviously in contrast to the quick and easy reads found in glossy lifestyle magazines

the magazine was impacted by the pandemic (possible excuse from iceberg in order to save/gain money) and the final issue was published in September 2021.

representation-

Oh Comely is part of a development in lifestyle and environmental movements of the early twenty first century which rebrand consumerism as an ethical movement. Its representation of femininity reflects an aspect of the feminist movement which celebrates authenticity and empowerment

comely-pleasant to look at; attractive (typically used of a woman).- a polite non sexualised way of saying something is nice, pretty….

The photos aren’t photoshopped in order to present certain meanings of beauty but is natural and shows the real side of people.- gives a sense of truth as well as empowerment and positive representation of women.

I believe that Oh Comely fits into the fourth wave of feminism since it clearly shows feminist ideologies and attempts to empower women.

Compared to the cover page of Men’s Health, we can see a clear different in gender representations between the two. In Oh Comely, the cover star is shown in an androgynous way in order to not reinforce any gender stereotypes. Men’s Health on the other hand shows a very built Vin Diesel as the cover page which already shouts out traditional men’s stereotypes.

The magazine includes a diverse range of religion, race and age:

Gerbners theory on mainstreaming suggests the excessive consumption of media products the more you will conform to the medias ideologies, therefore by promoting a range of diversity throughout Oh Comely’s magazine’s they’re recreating the dominant reading (via theory of preferred reading by Stewart hall) that has been mass presented throughout media as reactionary stereotypes to create a common enemy in the media (common enemy via Habermas’s five filters of mass media).

audience-

Niche product-

“celebrate the humble, the frugal and the plentiful; the magic in the mundane, and the unsung beauty of the unnoticed”. – the audience is humble as well as the magazine

Frugal- simple and plain and costing little.

In terms of the uses and gratifications theory, the magazine might appeal to the reader’s personal identity because the content reinforces their values and beliefs. Of course, the articles about fashion and music can help the audience to construct their identity as suggested by David Gauntlett.

Language-

The masthead is written in a sans serif font which seems to be handwritten which suggests that Oh Comely has already started to create personal relationships with the audience. 

Oh Comely values the power of women and minority groups.

Oh comely does support Gauntlett and shows this through their choices of images and choices of content to include within the magazine.

Press

acting- good

storyline- strong, good, surprises, suspense

sound- good

educational, highlights social issues

diversity within the show- representation.

broad/narrow casting

narrowcasting – targets a niche audience

broadcasting- larger target audience.

BBC

1922- radio

director general – lord john wreath

ethos- educate, inform, entertain

BBC charter- set of rules which makes sure the BBC does what its meant to do.

paternalism- giving people what some people think they need

popularise- giving people what they want

BBC- Paternal approach

grace wyndham Goldie- the most significant thing about broadcasting is that it changes time and space. 100 years ago lives in the present.

fear people had- doubting its gonna be important

BBC became social cement. brought people together, British culture centred around the BBC.

Dominant signifier– Vin Diesel (man) Ideology of alpha male Character oppositions often recognised for manly features e.g. strength.

Reactionary cover- attractive person, fits to the stereotype of a male.

Use of capital letters, exclamation marks, dark colouring e.g ‘Blast body fat!’ connotation that you must not be fat. Emphasises what men should want for their bodies.

Language – slay, demolish, fast, stronger, blast

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