1. Cultural industries  – Distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
2. Production – The making of a video such as a commercial.
3. Distribution – promoting content to online audiences in multiple media formats through various channels.
4. Exhibition / Consumption – Retail branch of the film industry.
5. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) – the worldwide integration of media through the cross cultural exchange of ideas.
6. Vertical Integration – When a media company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution.
7. Regulation – Mass media regulations are rules enforced by the jurisdiction of law
8. Free market – The free market is an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control.
9. Diversity   – Diversity in the media is, more than a matter of professional ethics, a matter of questioning that given power.
10. Innovation  – Media innovation can include change in several aspects of the media landscape – from the development of new media platforms, to new business models, to new ways of producing media texts.

The Nationwide Project was an influential media audience research project conducted by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham.

Charlotte Brunsdon is a professor of film and television studies at the University of Warwick and researcher.

Nationwide is a former BBC current affairs television programme which ran from 9 September 1969 until 5 August 1983. It was broadcast on BBC 1 each weekday following the early evening news, and included the regional opt-out news programmes.

culture industries and other industries definition:

companies that make culture such as films, posters, radio and everything that is creative industries. Other industries are companies that make stuff, such as pencils etc.

Culture, communications and political economy

Peter Golding and Graham Murdock

Public service broadcasting

One way to think about national television, which seems to connect all 3 (pairs of) case studies for this CSP is the notion of Public Service Broadcasting.

What is it?

Public service broadcasting consists of television and radio programmes supplied by an official or government organization for everyone, rather than by a commercial company. Not for a profit.

Are the BBC and C4 unique examples of PSB?

The public service broadcasters are those providing Channel 3 services, Channel 4, Channel 5, S4C and the BBC.

What’s good about it?

Public Service Broadcasting also creates a distinct civic value through empowering the public to participate in democratic processes, by informing individuals about the world around them, raising awareness of issues that affect their lives and communities, and fostering audiences’ sense of their own place in public.

Inform, create and entertain.

We are looking at identity and representation through the lens of Empire and Colonialism. It had an aim to undermine the universalist claims that ‘great literature has a timeless and universal significance [which] thereby demotes or disregards cultural, social, regional, and nations differences in experience and outlook’.

Postcolonial criticism challenges the assumption of a universal claim of what is good and what is bad.

‘constituted a fundamentally important political act’

Edward Said

the power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism – Edward Said Culture and Imperialism

‘imperialism was principally economic‘ and looked to answer that question by highlighting ‘the privileged role of culture in the modern imperial experience’

‘an economic system like a nation or a religion, lives not by bread alone, but by beliefs, visions, daydreams as well, and these may be no less vital to it for being erroneous’ – V. G. Kiernan

‘the desire to contain the intangibilities of the East within a western lucidity, but this gesture of appropriation only partially conceals the obsessive fear.’

ORIENTALISM

– is a term expressing the varying historical and cultural relationship between Europe and Asia, specializing in the study of Eastern cultures and traditions. ‘In this view, the outlying regions of the world have no life, history or culture to speak of, no independence or integrity worth representing without the West.‘ culture is the identification of a country.

 Jacques Lacan

– we are going to look at the other

The mirror stage

we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not.

Applying that theory to culture, communications and media studies, it is possible to see why we are so obsessed with reading magazines, listening to music, watching films, videos and television because, essentially, we are exploring ‘The Other’ as a way of exploring ourselves.

Comparison

Jacques Lacan looks at how you reflect at yourself which apply to cultures and that is why explore the other.

Letter to the free is a music video which possesses cultural and social significance.

Common is an Oscar and Grammy award winning hip/hop rap artist who wrote Letter to the Free as a soundtrack to The 13th – a documentary by Ava DuVernay named after the American 13th amendment and is stated laws which seem to discriminate against impoverished ethnic minorities who are then more likely to be convicted of a crime and imprisoned. It is related to the context of a variety of social and cultural movements aimed at raising awareness of racism and its effects in US society.

Awarded an Emmy for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics, Common’s “Letter to the Free” speaks out against a justice system which helps to perpetuate the terrible inequality endured by many African Americans.

Common is an advocate for criminal justice reform and is the founder of Imagine Justice, a non-profit organisation dedicated to “empowering communities and fighting injustice wherever it appears”.

Youth Cultural as Political Protest

The political, personal and cultural are always intertwined.

Overt political protest is uncommon. When it occurs, it often results in a backlash. Even if overt political protest does results in changes in legislation, it won’t necessarily change public
opinion. Culture is what influences people’s hearts, minds and opinions. This is the site of popular change.

Cultural Hegemony: power, rule, or domination maintained by ideological and cultural means.

Cultural hegemony functions by framing the ideologies of the dominant social group as the only legitimate
ideology. The ideologies of the dominant group are expressed and maintained through its economic, political, moral,
and social institutions. Oppressed groups believe that the social and economic conditions of society are natural and
inevitable, rather than created by the dominant group

Prison is a business, America’s the company
Investing in injustice, fear and long suffering – I have chosen to use this quote of the song to illustrate how Common wants to create a non-profit organisation dedicated to “empowering communities and fighting injustice wherever it appears”.

Black bodies being lost in the American dream – This is also a good quote to use as it refers to the racism and slavery that Black people suffer in.

1. Linear – A continuous sequence
2. Chronological – It is followed in a specific timeline
3. Sequential – specific sequence to tell the story
4. Circular structure – begins at the end and finishes at the start
5. Time based – temporarily based
6. Narrative arc – A path a story follows
7. Freytag’s Pyramid – outlines the 7 key steps in storytelling, exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution and denouement.
8. exposition – Gives background knowledge at the beginning
9. inciting incident – event the engages the audience
10. rising action – a dramatic plot to proceed the climax
11. climax – builds the tension
12. falling action – resolution of the major conflict
13. resolution – how it is resolved
14. denouement – conclusion
15. Beginning / middle / end – the plot
16. Equilibrium – everything is balanced at the beginning
17. Disruption – changing something over and over again
18. Transgression – often disequilibrium is caused by societal / moral / ethical transgression (ie challenging Aristotelian virtues)
19. Peripeteia – moves different plot
20. Anagnoresis – when realises their final flaw
21. Catharsis – can purge feelings
22. The 3 Unities: Action, Time, Place – the plot
23. flashback / flash forward – go back in time to a specific past
24. Foreshadowing – when you can predict something is about to happen
25. Ellipsis –
26. Pathos – emotion
27. Empathy – other people’s emotions to see what they are thinking or feeling.
28. diegetic / non-diegetic – the sound that comes from the film, and sound that comes from our world.
29. slow motion – a slow movement to add tension to a scene
30. In Media Res – starting in mid-action
31. Metanarratives – drawing attention to the process of storytelling
32. Quest narratives – describes the authors desire