1. Kernels: key moments in the plot / narrative structure
2. Satellites: embellishments, developments, aesthetics

This theory allows students to break down a narrative into 2 distinct elements. Those elements which are absolutely essential to the story / plot / narrative development, which are known as KERNELS and those moments that could be removed and the overall logic would not be disturbed, known as SATELLITES.

Roland Barthes: Proairetic and Hermenuetic Codes

1. Proairetic code: action, movement, causation
2. Hermenuetic code: reflection, dialogue, character or thematic development
3. Enigma code: the way in which intrigue and ideas are raised – which encourage an audience to want more information.

Reinforced – to strengthen by additional material or support

Amplify – enlarge upon or add detail to (a story or statement)

Repertoire of elements –  is essentially features of a film that are repeated within a genre

Corpus – a collection of written texts, especially the entire works of a particular author or a body of writing on a particular subject

Verisimilitude – the appearance of being true or real

Realism – the quality or fact of representing a person or thing in a way that is accurate and true to life

Sub-genres – a genre that is part of a larger genre

Hybrid genres –  is a genre that blends themes and elements from two or more different genres

Familiar – well known from long or close association

Paul Gilroy

Paul Gilroy explores the construction of racial ‘otherness’ as an underlying presence within print media reportage during the 1970s and 1980s, arguing that criminalised representations of black males regularly stigmatised the black community.

Gilroys theory:

Paul Gilroy believed “unstable” and politicised identities are “always unfinished, always being remade” and ethnicity is an “infinite process of identity construction”. In other words, ethnicity and national identity are not actually fixed or permanent.

Gilroys main points:

• WW2 immigrants were seen as an alien ‘other’ to an imagined white Britishness.
• Black immigrants were perceived to be ‘swamping’ white communities.
• Black communities were demonised through the representations that associated them with individual acts of criminality – knife crime and muggings were particular media concerns. These representations construct a ‘common sense’ notion of the criminal black male.
• Later representations constructed the black community in general, and black youths in particular, to be naturally lawless and incompatible with British white values.
• Later representations suggested that black otherness had a corrosive effect on white youth culture too.

Info from TheConversation.com:

• ‘Ghost Town’: a haunting 1981 protest song that still makes sense today
• It was their last song before splitting up and reforming as The Special AKA and stayed at the top of the UK charts for three weeks.
• The music video was directed by Barney Bubbles and filmed in the East End of London, Blackwell Tunnel and a before-hours City of London.

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Cultural industries– the different types of popular media, produces, distributes products in the creative arts generally in favour of popularity.

Production – the making of a form of media.

Distribution – The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.

Exhibition / Consumption – The showing off of a product to an audience and the general use of a product.

Media concentration – The decreasing amount of different people who own media outlets, concentrating the amount that fewer people own.

Conglomerates- a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises.

Globalisation- The production, distribution, and consumption of media products on a global scale, facilitating the exchange and diffusion of ideas cross-culturally.

Cultural imperialism– Western nations dominate the media around the world which has a powerful impact

Vertical Integration– When a company does all 3 production, distribution and consumption

Horizontal Integration– When a company only produces.

Mergers– Combining two or more things into one.

Monopolies- concentrated control of major mass communications within a society.

Gate Keepers- is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media.

Regulation-a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.

Deregulation-the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.

Free Market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Convergence-a phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.

Commodification –  Process by which things, services, ideas, and people relations are transformed into objects for sale. 

Diversity-it means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. 

Innovation – the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.