Key Questions	Focus	Specifics
What gets regulated?	-Newspapers -Films -TV -Advertising -Magazines -Books -Internet -Radio -The News -Video Games -Music
Why regulate?	-Truth -Child protection -Political bias -Privacy -Human morals -Ethics -Specific or particular political opinions -Defamation/ slander -Reputational damage -Ownership to avoid monopolies	-Rooney vs Vardy -Johnny Depp vs Amber Heard -Life of Bryan -Chinese firewall -Activision Blizzards court case for sexual harassment
Who regulates what?	-Individuals -The government -Specialist bodies e.g Ofcom -Internal company/ structural regulations -Key individuals e.g celebs -BBFC (cinema) -PEGI (games) -CMS (Medicare) -SEC (cryptocurrency)
How will regulation be put in place?

Libertarianism – seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.

Authoritarianism – is a form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting.

Hedonism – comes from the ancient Greek for ‘pleasure’. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that only pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth.

Epicurus – He believed that there were 3 ingredients to happiness. Friends, Freedom, and an Analysed life. He also believed that we needed to be self sufficient in our lives to procure happiness

The Frankfurt School:

The Frankfurt School consisted mostly of neo-Marxists who hoped for a socialist revolution in Germany but instead got fascism in the form of the Nazi Party. Addled by their misreading of history and their failure to foresee Hitler’s rise, they developed a form of social critique known as critical theory. Technology allowed the public to sit passively before cultural content rather than actively engage with one another for entertainment, as they had in the past. The scholars theorized that this experience made people intellectually inactive and politically passive, as they allowed mass-produced ideologies and values to wash over them and infiltrate their consciousness.

Theodor Adorno:

Adorno argued, along with other intellectuals of that period, that capitalist society was a mass, consumer society, within which individuals were categorized, subsumed, and governed by highly restrictive social, economic and, political structures that had little interest in specific individuals.

Rise of the teenagers 1950s and 60s:

Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.

The early sixties for a young teenager was very much about Marks and Spencer clothes, eating plenty of fresh meat and vegetables and unquestioned respect for parents, politicians, teachers, and the police.

My Political Compass:

Tzvetan Todorov:

In this theory, Todorov mentioned that there are 5 stages that a character will go through; those are Equilibrium, Disruption, Recognition Repair the Damage and Equilibrium Again. There are a lot of works that has been implementing this narrative structure in the story.

Steve Neale:

Neale believes that films of a type (genre, like romance or horror) should include features that are similar, so the audience know it is a horror film or romance, but also include features that are different, to keep an audience interested. This is his theory of repetition and difference

David Hesmondhalgh:

Most products are consumed when used and have to be bought again, but media products are bought once and continually used – they never wear out.

Cultural industries: Film, television, radio, music, books and press

Creative industries: Design, architecture and advertising.

Vladimir Propp:

Vladimir Propp was a folklorist researcher interested in the relationship between characters and narrative . Propp argued that stories are character driven and that plots develop from the decisions and actions of characters and how they function in a story.

Propps 8 different character types:

• The Hero
• The Helper
• The Villain
• The False Hero
• The Donor
• The Dispatcher
• The Princess
• The Princess’s Father

Stuart Hall:

Stuart Hall’s REPRESENTATION theory is that there is not a true representation of people or events in a text, but there are lots of ways these can be represented.

Culture is defined as a space of ​​interpretative struggle. He argued that the media not only reflects reality but also “produces” it while “reproducing” the dominant cultural order, in particular the order inherited from the Empire.

Judith Butler:

JUDITH BUTLER questions the belief that certain gendered behaviours are natural, illustrating the ways that one’s learned performance of gendered behaviour (what we commonly associate with femininity and masculinity) is an act of sorts, a performance, one that is imposed upon us by normative heterosexuality.

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

• Cultural industries is usually for entertainment and making money and other industries (e.g Greggs) is mainly aimed on making money.
• Cultural industries refers to the various businesses that produce, distribute, market or sell products that belong categorically in creative arts. Products such as clothing, books, movies, television, music.
• In the cultural industries there is a lot of freedom for what you can create or produce, however in industries such as, Greggs, they don’t have much choice at what to produce or sell.
• The media culture plays a big part in organizing the way people make sense of the world and the way people understand what is going on in the world.

Public Service Broadcasting:

1. What is it? Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Inform, educate, entertain

Channel 4 Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholder. So it is public and private owned (Mixed Model)

What’s good about BBC? Almost free, easy to access, wide variety of programs, not overly commercial.

The Killing:

The killing is a 2011 crime series that follows the police investigation of the murder of a young girl. It interlocks three different stories.

Production companies: Fox Television Studios; Fuse Entertainment; KMF Films; Fabrik Entertainment

Original network: AMC (2011–13); Netflix (2014)

Based on: Forbrydelsen; by Søren Sveistrup

Original release: April 3, 2011 –; August 1, 2014

Executive producers: Veena Sud; Mikkel Bondesen; Søren Sveistrup; Piv Bernth; Ingolf Gabold; Dawn Prestwich; Nicole Yorkin

co-production of Danish and German PSB companies (DK and ZDF)
creates a more powerful transnational base, able to negotiate
international deals
• The Killing was designed to exploit the economic possibilities offered
by an international/ global market (e.g. success of Wallander). The
appeal of the series was extended through the production of American and Turkish versions
• themes and setting are constructed to appeal to an international
audience by integrating conventions of a successful US long form
drama and the crime drama but providing difference through the
Nordic Noir brand
• the values of Scandinavian society, which focus on equality, are
appealing to a national audience but also cosmopolitan, transnational audience
• although unknown to the international audience, the series uses the promotion of the star (Sophie Grabol) to market the series
• the character of Sarah Lund is a familiar detective stereotype and conforms to the concept of the celebrity detective

No Offense:

No offense is a crime, drama series where a group of police officers try their best to keep the streets of Manchester free of crime. When all else fails, they decide to use unconventional methods to teach the perpetrators a lesson.

First episode date: May 5, 2015

No. of series: 3

Production company: AbbottVision

Original network: Channel 4

Genre: Police procedural; Drama; Black comedy

Executive producers: Paul Abbott; Martin Carr; Paul Coe

the importance of targeting an audience beyond the national evident
in Channel 4’s investment in online company TRX (The Rights
Exchange) which aims to facilitate the sale of programmes abroad
• No Offence is produced by AbbotVision, the independent producer of
Shameless – which was successfully remade in the US – suggesting
that the appeal to an international audience is a deliberate strategy
• No Offence represents British national culture to a British audience –
but this identity is also used as a selling point internationally through the appeal of difference
• the series has a social realist aesthetic which is a recognizable
national style but is also popular in Europe (evidenced in the
popularity of social realist films in Europe)
• No Offence was broadcast on France2 the public service broadcaster,
to very high viewing figures; the perceived weakness of French
broadcast TV provides opportunities for export.
• the series’ focus on the detective narrative and crime drama is familiar
and understood globally, the representation of the independent,
female detective has proven popularity.

Capital

•  drama adaptation of Peter Bowker’s best-selling novel of the same name
• story follows the impact of gentrification in a city (specifically a fictional “Pepys Road”)
• original network – BBC ONE

Deutschland 83

•  2015 German television series
• It is a co-production of AMC Networks Sundance TV and RTL Television
• production company, UFA Fiction, 
• international distribution by RTL Group’s Fremantle Media International and North American distribution by Kino Lorber
• “Martin is forced to become a spy and infiltrate the West Germany army. However, his actions land him in trouble and threaten to blow his cover”
• Directed by

• Common is an American hip-hop rapper
• He has a wife called Tiffany Haddish
• Commons real name is Lonnie Corant Jaman Shuka Rashid Lynn
• He was born on 13th March 1972 in Chicago
• He debuted in 1992 with the album ‘Can I Borrow a Dollar?’
• Has a net worth of £45 million

13TH:

• Directed by Ava DuVernay
• Production company: Kandoo Films
• Distributed by Netflix
• Release Date: October 7th 2016
• The film had a budget of $1,000,000

The film explores the “intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;” it is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude except as a punishment for conviction.

Filmmaker Ava DuVernay explores the history of racial inequality in the United States, focusing on the fact that the nation’s prisons are disproportionately filled with African-Americans.

Jodies Presentation

Key Concepts:
● Cultural resistance
● Cultural hegemony
● Subcultural theory

Key idea: the political, personal and cultural are always intertwined

Culture is what influences people’s hearts, minds and opinions. This is the site of popular change.

Key Terms:
● Hegemonic: dominant, ruling-class, power-holders
● Hegemonic culture: the dominant culture
● Cultural hegemony: power, rule, or domination maintained by ideological and cultural means.
● Ideology: worldview – beliefs, assumptions and values

What is a subculture?
● Working-class youth culture
● Unified by shared tastes in style, music and ideology
● A solution to collectively experienced problems
● A form of resistance to cultural hegemony

Common’s lyrics:

• Instead of ‘n***a’ they use the word ‘criminal’
• Prison is a business, America’s the company
• Black bodies being lost in the American dream

5% of the worlds population is in US and 25% of worlds prisoners are American

In 1972 there were 300,000 prisoners and now there are above 2.3 million

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Jaws – In this poster you can clearly see what this film is going to be about due to the huge shark taking up half of the screen. Also, the title, ‘JAWS’, foreshadows the whole film by linking the title with the main antagonist. The dominant signifier in this poster is the shark. The poster is made of two key components, being the signifier (the printed poster itself) and signified (the shark). The title also acts as anchorage as it gives you insight to what the movie is about.

Iconic Signs:

• Surfboard
• Ocean
• Shark

Black Widow – In this poster you can see the main protagonist being ‘Black Widow’ which hints a lot of action and combat during the film. The characters shown in the background acts as an anchorage to give viewers a small insight of who may be involved in this film. Indexical sign ‘MARVEL’ acts also as an anchorage to help attract viewers due to Marvel being very popular and well-known.

Iconic Signs:

• The characters in the background
• Weapons

Guardians of the Galaxy – In this poster you can see the main group of 5 protagonists who are all holding some sort of weapon which hints the film will involve action and combat. The title ‘Guardians of the Galaxy’ acts as an anchorage to give the viewer an idea of what the film is about. The dominant signifier (being the 5 protagonists) illustrates a good idea of who are going to be the main characters throughout the movie.

Iconic Signs:

• Planets
• Spaceships

Zombieland Double Tap – By taking a look at this poster you can understand that the four characters shown as the dominant signifiers are going to be the main antagonists in the film. The use of the word ‘Zombie’ in the title gives the idea that the film is going to be about an apocalypse. Indexical signs of actors names acts as an anchorage as they are popular actors which could help consumers be influenced to watch the film.

Iconic Signs:

• Weapons
• Fire
• Smoke

Spiderman Into the Spider-Verse – In this poster you can understand that this film is targeted towards children due to it being a cartoon. The dominant signifier in this poster is the main image of Spiderman in the middle. The use of the word ‘Spiderman’ in the title can help the audience easily understand that the film is about a man who has something to do with a spider which could act as an anchorage as it gives the viewers an idea of what the film is about. Indexical sign ‘Spider-verse’ connotes to science and could further hint action.

Iconic Signs:

• City
• Different Spiderman’s
• Miles Morales

• High angle / Low angle / bulls-eye / birds eye / canted angle
• Tracking / Panning / Craning / Tilting / Hand held / Steadicam
• Establishing Shot / Long Shot / Medium Shot / Close-up / Big Close-Up / Extreme Close Up (students often struggle with the first and the last again issues with SCALE, SIZE & SPACE, so practice is really important)
• Insert Shot

SPACE – SIZE – SCALE – ANGLE

A close-up shot is a type of camera shot size in film and television that adds emotion to a scene. It tightly frames an actor’s face, making their reaction the main focus in the frame. The director of photography films a close-up with a long lens at a close range.

An insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing.

Rack focus – Rack focus, also known as pulling focus or racking focus, is a camera-based filmmaking technique in which the focus changes over the course of the shot from one focal plane to another. This effect can be subtle or overt, slow or rapid.