Habermas- bbc/media links in with new technology within the public sphere. Broadcasts to a wider range of people.

Seaton states– ‘ I am free to say anything i want to say except the one thing i want to say then i am not free, in broadcasting a single prohibitation imposed on a national broadcasting authority or within tends to corrode the whole output.- independance.

Standards for quality programming

qualitative elements

• Believable acting
• Seamless editing
• quality camerawork/angles/shots
• good lighting and sound quality
• believable and relevant ‘mis-en-scene’ elements/setting/costume etc
• Followable storyline/plot and something that is also unpredictable
• professional marketing

Broadcasting– producers target a wider, mass audience

Narrowcasting– producers target a niche audience

THE BBC

• Founded in 1992
• Started with radio [tv came later]
• Lord Reith was the first director of the BBC
• His ethos [belief/mission statement] for the BBC had 3 main principles
  • Inform, educate and entertain
• To oversee due diligence and regulation, the UK government reviews a charter: to ensure the BBC stay inline
• The BBC took up the Paternalistic approach, rather than the Populism approach, meaning that they gave the audience what’s best for them, not just what the audience wanted.

• Grace Wyndham Goldie noting the most significant thing about broadcasting: that it changing time and space.
• New media communication technologies allows you to change time and space
• Fear other people have of new technologies, they think it will ruin everything or they think there is no use for it
• The BBC became social cement, British culture was centred around the BBC

Devoted to the artists, bands and outsiders that it loves, Oh Comely is peaceful and disarming, a magazine that wants you to take your time with it. The first issue of Oh Comely was published in 2010 and co-edited by Des Tan and Liz Bennett, with Rosanna Durham and Dani Lurie as art and music editors. Collectively the four worked as Adeline Media. Oh Comely publishes craft, DIY, creative non-fiction, photography and illustration, as well as reader submissions. In 2014, The Independent identified Oh Comely, alongside Delayed Gratification and Apartment, as part of a change in magazine publishing led by younger editors launching print titles for a generation of readers raised on digital media. Iceberg Press announced their purchase of Oh Comely from Adeline Media in 2016.

Lisa Sykes- “We didn’t like the fact that print dying was becoming a self fulfilling prophecy and we felt strongly there were plenty of people who want to read magazines if you made them worth the money.

Oh Comely owned by iceberg press, Lisa being the editor.

The magazine is represented as highly unconventional with the lack of sexualisation and presentation of women of being dominant and speaking out.

dominant signifier – Vin diesel on the front cover of the magazine

dominant ideology – Body image

reactionary representation – A heterosexual man and what society expects on him.

negative stereotype – this creates a negative stereotype to men having to be seen as strong and loose weight

The blue background is associated with male stereotypes, a traditional boy colour, male dominance.

Laswell’s module:

Sender – Men’s health’s is one of the largest men’s magazine and is aimed mainly at “manly” men

Says What – The brand of the magazine called ‘Men’s Health’ aimed for active men who want a better control on their physique / appearance to impress society.

What Channel – Men’s health is a print lifestyle magazine and can also be accessed on their website and social media.

To Whom – Aimed at men who are ‘sporty’ or active. If a man wants motivation to get into shape then the magazine provides information on loosing weight to get that ‘perfect body’

What Effect – Selling the magazine to their target audience through shops, website or social media.

CS Peirce:

Iconic sign – The bold text tells you what you can find inside of this magazine issue. It all relates to loosing weight fast

Indexical signs – The only image is the dominant signifier placed right in the middle. The muscles relates to the text and the magazine.

Symbolic sign – The magazines colour theme is mostly blue which is seen as a stereotypical colour for men, influences them to buy the magazine. Big bold texts all about loosing weight “demolish junk food cravings” and “Blast body fat”. The dominant signifier, vin diesel, is positioned in the middle showing off his muscles.

Stuart hall – Hall provides a framework for decoding messages:

accept the dominant message
negotiate the dominant message
reject the dominant message

Facts:

Men’s health magazine had an average monthly reach of around 1.8 million individuals in the UK between 2019 to 2020. The ages of people who buy this magazine between 2019 to 2020 were 15 years and above and could potentially be harmful for young teenagers because they feel this is how they should look like and that the magazine would help them with their goal to looking muscular.

The media chooses how people should look like. By adding a celebrity to the front page of their magazine it influences young people to buy and read it.
Mens health is owned by hearst who own 40 different companies founded in 1887.

1. Dominant signifier (Vin Diesel), we know this because he is the main focus within the front cover, being the biggest and most outward object on the page.
2. The title “Men’s Health” – indexical to men’s health and the gender performance of the male gender.
3. The page is reactionary, as it can be argued to support the typical view of strong, independent men.
4. The syntagm of men’s gender performance and what men should be like. Suggests that men should be fit and strong with muscular developments. “Lose 8kg fast”, “127 ways to build a stronger core” “103 shortcuts to t-shirt arms”
5. The way he’s standing (stance) is a way as such to ‘flex’ / show off his biceps and triceps.
6. The font is in bold which can come across as stronger and more masculine.
7. Suggests to the target audience that if they read the magazine they can look like Vin Diesel

1. Dominant signifier of Vin Diesel, however is significantly smaller than the front cover
2. Semantic pattern of physical power and strength
3. Repertoire of elements (men)
4. Shows a reactionary representation of exercise and fitness through links to articles. Shown through signifiers such as pictures of trainers and weights. This could be suggested to be creating an unrealistic view that to be considered a ‘real’ man you must be physically at top performance.
5. Radical representation through the use of men of different ages and races
6. Constructed identity (David Gauntlett)

Mens health magazine had an average monthly reach of around 1.8 mil individuals in the united kingdom from April 2019- March 2020. Reach was lower with households with children and women. Paid subscriptions were a lot higher then paid single copies with a difference of 44,557.

	what do you know?	what do you understand?
Noam Chomsky	Five filters, mass media. (Structures of ownership, The role of advertising, Links with establishment, Diversionary tactics- flak, Uniting against a ‘common enemy’.	He argued that the mass media is used by the elite in society to manufacture consent towards dominant ideology.
James Curran
Jean Seaton
Jurgen Habermas	Public sphere, private sphere, critical theory and pragmatism.	The notion of the “public sphere” began evolving during the Renaissance in Western Europe.  In The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Habermas showed how modern European salons, cafés, and literary groups contain the resources for democratizing the public sphere.
Semiotics	CS pierce, index – A sign with a link to its object icon– a sign which looks like its object symbol– a sign with a more random link to its object	sign– something that stands in for something else code– symbolic tools that are used to create meaning dominant signifier– the main representative anchorage– words that have an image to give context Ferdinand De Saussure signified– an idea which is summoned by the signifier signifier– something which stands in for something else Roland Barthes Myth– the most apparent quantity of signification which disfigures the meaning by validating arbitrary cultural assumptions in a similar way to the denotative sign. Radical– something which challenges dominant ideas. Reactionary– dominant ideas which are confirmed by something ideology– the reinforcement of codes which are congruent with structures of power denotation– literal or basic meaning of a sign connotation– the secondary cultural meaning of signs or “signifying signs,” which are then used as the signifiers for a secondary meaning. paradigm – A collection of similar signs. syntagm – The sequence which words have been put in to.
Feminist critical thinking	Laura mulvey,  3rd wave feminism(barker and Jane)~ an emphasis on the differences among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion individual and do-it-yourself (DIY) tactics fluid and multiple subject positions and identities cyberactivism the reappropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ and ‘bitch’ for liberatory purposes sex positivity	1st wave feminism, 2nd wave feminism Feminist = a political position Female = a matter of biology Feminine = a set of culturally defined characteristics, Raunch culture  -Butler -Tori Moi -Jean Kilbourne Feminist Frequency.
Post-colonialism	The slave trade, POSTCOLONIALISM operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘.	postcolonial criticism challenges the assumption of a universal claim, Jacques Lacan- The “other”
Lasswell	Model of communication	describes an act of communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and with what effect it was said. Notion of brainwashing, active is the opposite of passive.
Lazarfeld	Two-step flow of communication (interpersonal interaction has a far stronger effect on shaping public opinion than mass media outlets), spiral of science.	The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. They then begin to infiltrate these opinions through the general public who become “opinion followers”. Men’s health- men aren’t sufficiently influenced by this magazine it is their opinions which depend on whether they are influenced or not, it is more societal standards that are influenced by this i.e general public.
Uses and Gratifications	Bulmar and Katz, information and education, entertainment, personal identity, integration and social interaction, escapism.	Suggests media users play an active role in choosing and using the media. Bulmer and Katz believed that the user seeks out the media source that best fulfils their needs. Pleasure needs uses gratifications
Stuart Hall	He was an outsider, studied at oxford and grew up in Jamaica. Reception Theory, Encoding/Decoding.	Media texts contain a variety of messages that are encoded (made/inserted) by producers and then decoded (understood) by audiences. Therefore what we see is simply a ‘re-presentation’ of what producers want us to see. Mens health(2-3)- if you wear the fragrance you will be like that or be with her/him. Touching her inappropriately, racism, wealth.

Describe: To say or write what someone or something is like without explaining why.

Compare: Finding a difference between two things through similarities and differences.

Evaluate: Describe the benefits and or drawbacks of ideas with an explanation of why with the backup of evidence.

Analyse: Explain in close detail to achieve an accurate representation of something.

Knowledge: Vague outline of an idea or concept.

Understanding: To be able to apply knowledge to different situations as you have deeper knowledge about the idea or concept.

For my coursework i will be focusing on my newspaper talking about the problems of the new abortion law, this targets all audiences as it is a worldwide problem that does affect everyone, mainly women but still also a large deal for men. Laura Mulvey will play a role in this as ‘Feminist Critical Thinking’ as her theory suggests that women are not placed in a role where they can take control of a scene, instead they are simply put there to be observed from an objectified point of view. The abortion ban is a large step backwards leaving women with only 50 years of their own right for a legal abortion. My body of article will be focusing mainly on how this law is going to lead to unsafe abortions and rape statistics increasing a large amount and also period tracking apps run the by the government destroying young women’s rights and lastly how the abortion penalty is outstandingly higher then the rape offence which is a deep set back for society.

For my layout design i will be following the style model from ‘The Sunday Times’ with a clear headline and masthead stating the issue that is being recognized. My masthead will be made by editing on photoshop so that the statement is bold and clear. There will be a price and barcode labelled so readers will know the price and also a date of when the newspaper was published and released. I will be using drop caps and wrap text so that it is more appealing and interesting for the reader. The front page will be a main image labelling the issue that will be spoken about surrounded by smaller articles for locals to read about. I will use different fonts so the paper look smart and well presented to gain more publicity. I will use inverted pyramid structure on my main story for better structure.

There will be daily facts throughout the paper updating you on what’s new and updates on other issues. The news included will be mostly important and significant to what is happening internationally, there will be sections about local news in jersey so it will also inform you on daily life changes. I will create my paper using InDesign and photoshop for finishing touches.

• 

• 

• 

I am going to produce a page of a newspaper with an audience of people of all ages living where people are interested in national and international news stories as well as stories relating to the local area. My main article will be focusing mainly on the Roe vs. Wade law and just local jersey news such as environmental littering and how we can stop it and daily changes that will be occurring.

In terms of design I will be referring to our CSP’s The Sunday times and the Daily Mail for inspiration. My information will all be underneath a strapline for the paper, and it will also include other standard institutional features such as a masthead, price, barcode, and date/time. I will place my text in columns of three so it is easier for the reader and also place photos around to make the paper more interesting and for reference and more understanding of the text.

Underneath i will have my body text at around 200 words where i will include facts and statistics, there will be small and snappy statements which will entertain the audience relating towards Livingstone and Lunt theory that newspapers regulate in favour of the consumers above citizens. Key elements will be designed in photoshop for a bolder and clearer statement.