• Sign – Anything that can convey meaning (e.g Road signs indicate/convey/mean danger)
• Signifier– Means / connotations to something else (the signified) e.g image or facial expression
• Signified– The thing that the signifier mean / is relating to
• Index – Describes the connection between signifier and signified
• Ideology – Set of opinions or beliefs (e.g Religion)
• Syntagym – Group of symbols / signs that form meaning when together
• Signification – the representation or conveying of meaning
• Dominant signifier – any material thing that signifies
• Icon – a sign that looks like its object
• Code – symbolic tools used to create meaning
• Symbol – anything that can be used to represent something else
• Anchorage – words with an image to provide context
• Denotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests
• Connotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, contrasting the feelings/ideas that the word suggests
• Myth – a widely held but false belief or idea
• Paradigm – a collection of signs that are related
• Convention – a way in which something is usually done

• Tomb Raider
• Metroid
• Sims Freeplay

• Maybelline
• Score

• No Offence
• The Killing

• Newsbeat
• War of the Worlds

• The Daily Mail
• The i

• Men’s Health
• Oh Comely

• Teen Vogue
• The Voice

• Ghost Town
• Letter to the Free

Blinded by the Light

It is owned by GV Media Group Limited, and is aimed at the British African-Caribbean community. The new 72-page monthly paper will launch on 26 September at an introductory price of £2.50, which is expected to then rise depending on “how the market responds”. The weekly edition of the paper has a cover price of £1.

The Voice is a British national African-Caribbean newspaper operating in the United Kingdom. The paper is based in London and was published every Thursday until 2019 when it became monthly. It is available in a paper version by subscription and also online. Founded 30th August 1982, the editor is Lester Holloway and the founder, Val McCalla.

‘The Voice newspaper to go monthly after 37 years as weekly’

The company then moved from print to online and changed to only monthly editions. Production costs for online newspapers are generally cheaper. For the website the main running costs are for hosting, maintenance and security.

Representation

Before the introduction of The Voice, the black press in Britain targeted first-generation immigrants. Newspapers, such as The Caribbean Times and West Africa, kept the diaspora up to date about news about the old countries. The Voice was different. It wanted to publish stories which were relevant to the second generation who were born and raised in Britain.

Theorists:

• David Hesmondhalgh believed companies involved in cultural industries were motivated by profit rather than a duty to public service broadcasting. No one was going to invest in a newspaper which targeted a niche audience unless it was going to make money.

What is Teen Vogue?-  Teen Vogue is an American online publication, formerly in print, first launched in January 2003, as a sister publication to Vogue, targeted at teenagers. Like Vogue, it included stories about fashion and celebrities.

The target audience is mainly teens, hence the name ‘teen vogue’ and both male and female. The way they target people is through their website and newsletter and also on certain social media pages.

Robert Pattinson Talks About “Insidious” Body Standards for Men in Hollywood and the Addictive Nature of Dieting

Robert Pattinson, who’s been celebrated for swoon-worthy roles since the start of his career, opened up about the intense body-related pressures men face in the entertainment industry. He said he finds it strange getting most attention from fans being seen as a ‘sex symbol’.

Key terms

speed

time

feedback

share

access

storage

space

connectivity

history

participation

discover

retrieval

knowledge

	share	active	creative	host
example or comment			Social media has given us better ways to show off our abilities in different forms.
	story	re-connect	personalise	stream
example or comment
	experience	store	scale	immerse
example or comment
	interface	live	adapt	binge
example or comment
	conversation	re-perform	circulate	endless
example or comment

Marshall McLuhan-

The Medium is the Message – a good theorist to quote in your exam.

“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication”

TOPIC	NOTE / COMMENT
BF Skinner	Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. Considering free will to be an illusion
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s	the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)	mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
Theodore Vail	The Network effect,  Vail saw telephone service as a public utility and moved to consolidate telephone networks under the Bell system.
Norbert Weiner Loop Theory	Loop Theory – predictive behaviour But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling) Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard) (Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’ The
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar Number	The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirky
Vannavar Bush	associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim Berners–Lee	the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan	The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
	The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions

8hours a day is the average screen time use for teenagers

we spend around 5 years and 4months on social media throughout our lifetime

there was a 16million user increase on netflix during the pandemic

what is postmodernism?

what is the truth and knowledge behind it?

Structure – Define Postmodernism -> Define key concepts & theorists -> Link the CSP to postmodernism and it’s concepts

Simulacrum & Hyperreality – Baudrillard

Individuals focus on, understand, can cope with and are knowledgeable about surface and style. As opposed to substance, content, meaning and truth.

Creates a world built around uncertainties and half truths, its a virtual world.

First define / explain postmodernism —> Then define the key concepts and who’s said them. —> After that mention the print product and how it relates to the key concepts[Futuristic, dystopia, individualism, escapism ] —> Lastly, express thoughts on postmodernism itself.

Postmodern movies aim to subvert highly-regarded expectations, which can be in the form of blending genres or messing with the narrative nature of a film. For example, Pulp Fiction is a Postmodern film for the way it tells the story out of the ordinary, upending our expectations of film structure.

1. Pastiche – imitates an artistic style of another person’s work or creation.
2. Parody –  is work or a performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony. When the characters talk about themselves.
3. Bricolage  
4. Intertextuality
5. Referential- when the film talks about the film is is referential , referring to itself, when each character starts to analyse each other it shows narrative function and script.
6. Surface and style over substance and content
7. Metanarrative
8. Hyperreality – nothings really real or new as we always copy off something from earlier years.
9. Simulation (sometimes termed by Baudrillard as ‘Simulacrum’) 
10. Consumerist Society
11. Fragmentary Identities
12. Alienation
13. Implosion
14. cultural appropriation
15. Reflexivity

Love box in your living room is a Pastiche, “love box” is a pastiche to Adam Curtis “oh dearism”

Postmodernism can be understood as deliberate and self-conscious. It works in terms of reiteration, so in the example of The Love Box in your Living Room – it can be seen as a reiteration of the documentary work of Adam Curtis.

it is also a parody is relating to john reith bbc producer.

For this radio production, we wanted to focus on celebrating the 100 year anniversary of the BBC we wanted to introduce small snippets from the archives to reach out to those who perhaps haven’t heard those audios before and educate them further into what it was like to be hearing that for the first time on live radio.

We made a plan for our radio including what we would be talking about and the topics we would be covering. We played songs which we thought related to the BBC ranging from Band Aid- Do they know its Christmas, Bitter sweet symphony, ABBA, The Beatles, Elton john, Oasis. We gave important dates in which events happened which helped the audience with understanding. Oasis was a very well known Brit pop band in the 90s which was relevant to play relating to the 100 year BBC anniversary. Our main goal was solely to just spread awareness to the audience to how the BBC has developed through the year sand how its goals and aims have adapted to time changes.

Theme	Newsbeat	WOTW
Ownership	bbc- public broadcasting and multi media company owned by the government and trust fees board. More of an oligopoly, concentration of ownership. BBC has a slightly left- leaning ideology.	cbs-private company, it is an example of concentration- some companies own everything Integration horizontal or vertical?
Habermas	Transformation of the public sphere, media is constantly changing with the BBC keeping up. BBC is a non profitable company, they put money back into programs, so Quality is important.	majority of private businesses aim to solely make money caring more about money then the public, they prioritize it over entertaining their audience.
Chomsky
Regulation
AUDIENCE (ACTIVE/PASSIVE)
AUDIENCE (LAZARSFELD)
AUDIENCE (HALL)
NEW TECHNOLOGY
CROSS MEDIA CONVERGENCE

Media institutions

• War of the Worlds was broadcast by Columbia Broadcasting Company – an institution still in existence (in a different form) today.
• Radio broadcasting was seen as direct competition to newspapers which had previously been the only way of receiving news.
• The broadcast is typical of the way institutions are always looking for new styles in order to attract audiences.
• Regulation – radio broadcasting was regulated by the Federal Communications Commission and it investigated the broadcast to see if it had broken any laws.
• The broadcast provides an excellent example to consider the effect of individual producers on media industries (known as ‘auteur theory’) as this is the work of Orson Welles.

Media audiences

• What techniques (i.e Media Language) does the broadcast use to convince the audience that what they’re hearing is really happening?
• Consider the way that external factors – global political context, gender, religion, education etc. – are likely to also affect audience response
• The ways in which audiences interpret the same media product differently – at the time of broadcast and now (Reception theory including Hall)
• Cultivation theory including Gerbner

-Poorer audio quality, longer more elaborate vocabulary to explain facts, maybe hinting towards the downfall of English language and understanding in correlation to the rise of technology.

-Radio being a place for education as this was in the “golden age”, one could suggest that this broadcast was the earliest ideal of fake news as lesser educated people would listen in and maybe not understand the idea of satiricalism, or sci-fi fiction.

Even the two-step flow model of communication provides some insight into how the panic unfolded. For instance, a “throng of playgoers had rushed” from a “theatre” because “news” of the invasion had “spread” to the audience. The New York Times also reported how the “rumour” of war “spread through the district and many persons stood on street corners hoping for a sight of the ‘battle’ in the skies”. Therefore, not everyone who was terrorised by the radio play was actually listening to the broadcast. They heard the rumours from people they trusted in their social circle.

War of the worlds (1938) was a widespread outbreak in media. The audience were vulnerable as they weren’t aware as there were no resources available for them to realise it wasn’t true hence the lack of education they had. They only had the source they were given and it was down to them whether they wanted to believe it or not. Linked theories are the hypodermic needle theory and cultivation theory.

The media audiences are targeted in different ways as different podcasts, news, songs are specifically trying to target a certain age range. They have different categories for what kind of music you would like to listen to such as music from the 50s, 60s all the way to 2000s.

The BBC should help everyone learn about different subjects in ways they will find accessible, engaging, inspiring and challenging. The BBC should provide specialist educational content to help support learning for children and teenagers across the United Kingdom. It should encourage people to explore new subjects and participate in new activities through partnerships with educational, sporting and cultural institutions.

The layout of newsbeat is set up in categories to be easily differentiated to the public for their personal preference. Targeting younger audiences as it is a social media page, non gender specific.

Questions that may come up-

• How is the BBC regulated / organised / controlled?
• How does the BBC attract new audiences (when there is so much choice?)
• How does Newsbeat entertain, inform, educate?
• What would Lord John Reith think about Newsbeat?
• Did Newsbeat only develop because of the changes in new technologies?
• How does Newsbeat appeal to a young / younger audience?
• How does Newsbeat use new technologies?

Some facts to know

1. John Reith was the BBC’s first general manager when it was set up as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922 and he was its first Director-General when it became a public corporation in 1927.
2. Broadcasting House was the BBC’s first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting.
3.  the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting.
4. it is widely thought that the name “Newsbeat” was taken from the Radio Caroline news service of the same name, as was the concept of short bulletins on the half-hour.
5. Roisin Hastie Radio 1 Newsbeat interview (Breakfast newsreader)
6. Pria Rai (Afternoon newsreader and programme presenter)
7. Newsbeat is notable for the distinctive musical imaging it has used for most of its history. At first, this was a just jingle at the beginning of the bulletin, but in the late 1990s this expanded to music throughout.
8. The BBC was officially created on 18 October 1922.
9. Reith wrote in his diary on applying for the BBC job – “I know nothing whatsoever about broadcasting”, but then very few people did. It was so new and few guessed how it would evolve to become so compelling a part of everyone’s life.
10. This started in 1923, costing 10 shillings, then split 50/50 between the BBC and the Government.
11. Radio coverage was patchy in the UK, securing 94% reach across the UK.
12. Women over 21 got the vote in 1928, and the BBC created The Week in Parliament, to help women navigate their early understanding of the world of politics.

i understand that newsbeat mainly targets younger audiences but i argue that it should try harder to focus more on how it targets people.