What do you know about?	What meaning or understandings do you have of their ideas? How can you apply their ideas to the CSPs
Noam Chomsky	He came up with the theory called ‘propaganda theory’. He came up with the 5 filters: 1. media ownership, 2. role of advertising, 3. official sources, 4. flak, 5. common enemy	Chomsky’s theory can be applied to the newspaper for rules and regulation throughout the 5 filters of mass media. He argued that the mass media is used by the elite in society to ‘manufacture consent’ towards the dominant ideology.
James Curran	Produced a book called media and cultural theory Involved with theory about power and media- A political economy approach to the media – arguing that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate Liberal free press
Jean Seaton
Jurgen Hubermas	Formed the ideas of public sphere which was ‘made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state Private Sphere is regarding issues about an individual person in their own life. Author of ‘Theory of Communicative Action’ A member of the Frankfurt School	Can be applied throughout the regulation of newspapers as opinions are shown
SEMIOTICS	CS pierce, index – A sign with a link to its object icon– a sign which looks like its object symbol– a sign with a more random link to its object	sign– something that stands in for something else code– symbolic tools that are used to create meaning dominant signifier– the main representative anchorage– words that have an image to give context Ferdinand De Saussure signified– an idea which is summoned by the signifier signifier– something which stands in for something else Roland Barthes Myth– the most apparent quantity of signification which disfigures the meaning by validating arbitrary cultural assumptions in a similar way to the denotative sign. Radical– something which challenges dominant ideas. Reactionary– dominant ideas which are confirmed by something ideology– the reinforcement of codes which are congruent with structures of power denotation– literal or basic meaning of a sign connotation– the secondary cultural meaning of signs or “signifying signs,” which are then used as the signifiers for a secondary meaning. paradigm – A collection of similar signs. syntagm – The sequence which words have been put in to.
REPRESENTATION
AUDIENCE
Feminist critical thinking	Laura mulvey,  3rd wave feminism(barker and Jane)~ an emphasis on the differences among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion individual and do-it-yourself (DIY) tactics fluid and multiple subject positions and identities cyberactivism the reappropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ for liberatory purposes sex positivity	1st wave feminism, 2nd wave feminism Feminist = a political position Female = a matter of biology Feminine = a set of culturally defined characteristics, Raunch culture  -Butler -Tori Moi -Jean Kilbourne Feminist Frequency.
Postcolonialism	The slave trade, POSTCOLONIALISM operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘.
Narrative Theories	Seymour Chatman (Sattelites and Kernels) The idea that a story has two parts which are the important parts and the embellishments. Kernels (something that grows): Important part(s). The key parts of the film that make up the plot/narrative structure. If taken out the story or narrative would not work. Levi-Strauss texts can be seen to either support the dominant ideologies of a society, which would make it a reactionary text ,or to challenge, question or undermines the dominant ideologies of society, in which case it could be seen as a radical text. Roland Barthes Proairetic code: action, movement, causation Hermenuetic code: reflection, dialogue, character or thematic development Enigma code: the way in which intrigue and ideas are raised – which encourage an audience to want more information.	Can be applied to Blinding by the light, Capital and Deustchland, Letter to the free. Relates to letter to the free binary oppositions between black and white people, male and female.
Genre	Defined as a practical device, as of which helps produce consistently and efficiently and to relate its production to the expectations of its customers Steve Neale explains that Genre is a collection of structured repertoire of elements in which signify that a genre is a genre. Genre is of order and integration- Thomas Schatz, Only 2 Genres?	For example a typically horror movie will have a dark forest, moody lighting, and dark colours.   Predictable Expectations  predictable expectations – something that happens that you could guess reinforced – strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with additional material. amplify – enlarge upon or add detail to (a story or statement). verisimilitude– the appearance of being true or real. realism – ealism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations.  construction of reality – part of those observations and experiences come to us preconstructed by the media, with attitudes, interpretations, and conclusions already built in, then the media, rather than we ourselves, are constructing our reality. historically specific – something from the past that is recognisable. sub-genres – a subdivision of a genre of literature, music, film, etc.  hybrid genres – A hybrid genre is a genre that blends themes and elements from two or more different genres. Hybrid genres are not new but a longstanding element in the fictional process Blinded by the light fits into integration.
Industry business ownership	Cultural Industries the notion of cultural industries generally includes textual, music, television, film production and publishing. Production the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured. Distribution the methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign. Exhibition / Consumption sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. Media Concentration a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. Conglomerates a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises. Globalisation the process in which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. Cultural Imperialism states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native culture. Vertical Integration when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution. Horizontal Integration a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books.  Mergers an acquisition in which one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business in the Page 2 State and one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business elsewhere. Monopolies concentrated control of major mass communications within a society. Gatekeepers is a process by which information is filtered to the public through the media. Regulation a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. Deregulation the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry. Free Market an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses. Commodification the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold. Convergence  involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content. Diversity understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing individual differences.  Innovation the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.	Applied to Blinded by the light: production by Bend it films, distributed by new line cinema
Public service broadcasting	consists of television and radio programmes supplied by an official or government organization, rather than by a commercial company. Such programmes often provide information or education, as well as entertainment. The public service broadcasters are those providing Channel 3 services, Channel 4, Channel 5, S4C and the BBC. While all BBC public service television channels are PSB channels, only the main channels of each of the other public service broadcasters have this status. The TV license is paid by the general public, financing all of the general public broadcasters.	Can be applied to Capital and Deutschland which is broadcasted on the BBC channel.
Gauntlett	Fluidity of identity Negotiated identity Constructed identity Collective identity	Collective identity refers to our sense of belonging to group Negotiated help us establish our own identity Fluidity- Gauntlett commented on the changing representation of men and women in mainstream media- ‘The depiction of the passive housewife throughout the twentieth century was increasingly being replaced by images of assertive women taking control of their lives, epitomised by the “girl power” endorsed by the Spice Girls’ INTERNET REFERENCE The representation of men being active and confident was giving way to a more introspective and emotionally-aware version of masculinity. “Men’s Health” magazine and its focus on wellbeing, which Gauntlett cited as a great example of this shift, was first published in 1986.
Lasswell	Component of Lasswell’s communication model- the message flow in a multicultural society with multiple audiences Who? Says what? Channel? To whom? With what effect? Wrote propaganda during first world war- hypodermic needle theory	Applies to advertisement eg That Boss Life and Men’s Health eg Hearst, We want to give men greater control over their physical, mental and emotional lives, Print Lifestyle Magazine Social Media Website
Lazarfeld	Two step flow of communication- first introduced by sociologist in 1944 Austrian-American sociologist	Number of people are not directly influenced by mass media, but instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Links to his theory as with the front page of the magazine, there is an opinion leader on the front, Vin Diesel, who people will agree with as they actively choose to follow and listen to people who have the same ideas and morels of them and so people who agree with what he is presenting in the magazine are more likely to read the magazine.
Uses and Gratification	Active consumption Recognises the decision making processes of the audience themselves, rather than being influenced by opinion leaders or the source itself He defines the different pleasures that media audiences try to extract from the content they engage with: 1. Information 2. Identity 3. Social interaction 4. Entertainment 5. Escapism Explains how people use the media for their own need and get satisfied when their needs are fulfilled.	Suggests that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media Have an audience of successful professional men who want greater control over their physical, mental and emotional wellbeing so they will play off this and show ads which are related to the kind of things they have an interest in and will more likely spend money on products as they are tailored to what they have an interest in.
Stuart Hall	Jamaican born, Moved to Britain before studying English at Oxford University. Worked at the Open University for a number of years, as a professor of sociology Suggested that audience actually decode and interpret messages in different ways, which he calls the THEORY OF PREFERRED READING States that the audience should interrogate the media.	What we see is simply a ‘re-presentation’ of what producers want us to see. Representation theory comes in three separate parts, the first part is that the Media often use stereotypes Stuart Hall believes that stereotypes tend to come about when there are people in power who are from the dominant hegemonic groups within society, stereotypically white, upper class wealthy males Three parts: A DOMINANT READING) or they reject the dominant reading of a text (AN OPPOSITIONAL READING), or they take up a reading somewhere in between (A NEGOTIATED READING).
Gerbner	Cultivation theory says that high frequency consumers of media texts are more susceptible to media messages and the belief that they are valid Presented two main concepts of media: media texts cultivate a heightened sense of fear in society (mean world syndrome) media consumption leads audiences to accept mainstream ideologies (what is most commonly presented in media is what changes an audiences perspective) Cultivation theory holds that long-term exposure to media shapes how the consumers of media perceive the world and conduct themselves.	For example, heavy viewers of news were more likely to overestimate crime rates and risk of personal exposure to crime and underestimate the safety of their neighborhoods. In Men’s Health any pages show the stereotypical white, straight, rich, able male which can change an audiences view.
David Gauntlett (opposition)	Argues that audience actively pick media products through engagement with them and engage with specific parts that connect to themself	They are active as times have changed suggesting we are more intelligent

MAKING IT LEGAL (ENSLAVEMENT AND SAFETY)

Criminalising abortions does not stop abortions, it just makes abortion less safe

-feminism symbol

abortion doesnt make women murderers (GENDER EQUALITY)

Criminalising abortion is a form of discrimination, which further fuels stigma for equal rights between the genders.

– feminism symbol

– womensrights.co.uk

Access to safe abortion is a matter of human right (HUMAN RIGHTS)

Human rights law clearly spells out that decisions about your body are yours alone – this is what is known as bodily autonomy.

Forcing someone to carry on an unwanted pregnancy is a violation of their human rights, including the rights to privacy and bodily autonomy.   

-feminism symbol

Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs. To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?

Ideology means a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy and assumptions that we make about the world. Media products largely target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world in order to get the public more interested in the opinions and ideas of important people around the world, and also both international and national events. These media products include newspapers such as the I and the daily mail. The daily mail being a right wing type newspaper, meaning the conservative party and the I being a centralistic newspaper and having no political party.

Daily Mail is an example of a commercial, for profit publication, which is owned by a plc, Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT). DMGT is a conglomerate which owns property and financial companies, as well as print media. It was was originally created to tell people what is happening with the world which was what the Public Sphere was, they were said to be aware of what was going on in the world with democracy being around. It is considered a conservative right-wing newspaper, as suggested in the 6th June 2022 edition, on the front page, there are patriarchal quotes such as “Joyous Jubilee” praising the royal family, which can suggest that the Daily Mail frequently targets audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world. Another example suggesting that the Daily Mail supports the royal family is that it contains a number of examples of semiotic signs, theorised by Roland Barthes which are shown on the front cover of the newspaper. These include imagery, font selections and colour schemes to back this political viewpoint. A significant example of this is the text placed over the main front image, reading “Magnificent celebrations climax in pageantry and parties for millions”. The paper is owned by Viscount Lord Rothermere, meaning it is likely to be bias, this is because he is likely to be in strong and healthy relations with the royal family due to his position.  Doing this will draw the conservative party and right wing citizens in to read their product and ultimately agree with it for the owners of the media product to reach their end goal of profit. Daily mail had many political views in these media products, particularly on the prime minister at this time, Boris Johnson. On the editorial part of the newspaper on page 18, it states that Boris is the best person to lead the nation by a “country mile” along with the head title being “Boris is right and Macron wrong. Saving Putin’s face is a mug’s game” This further proves that this is a far right wing newspaper, meaning it cares more for the business rather than the people.

However, the I is an example of a commercial, for profit publication, owned by a plc – The Johnston Press which owns over 200 titles in the UK. The value of which is decided by the
price of shares on the London stock exchange: the I is therefore
driven by commercial needs which can determine its news values. The I is a more left wing newspaper with a more liberal way of conveying their views which are done in a more centrist political orientation way meaning they neither fall into the left or right wing category. Although, compared to the Daily Mail, the I is a lot more left wing; proven on page 16 ‘Have you heard about the hunger crisis in East africa? Do you know people are dying right now?’. This suggests to the readers that they care more about the people rather than the business. However, the I is proven to be not fully left wing, this is because it is also owned by Daily Mail and General Trust, although they say they don’t have a political view, it can be hard not to fall into a certain section. On page 20 “Thank you for saying what needed to be said about the Isralian state” which supports Habermas’ theory of the public sphere. Habermas suggested that the public sphere was the mass spread of communication that came around with the production of newspapers and letters, which we can see is used here to spread information about the Isralian state. The I can just be seen to state the current news and propositions on current world problems we face today and mainly focuses on the news aspect rather than political views like the daily mail does, however, they both have the same goal of profit in the end.

In conclusion, The conglomerate of the Daily Mail General Trust owns both of these newspapers. It is clear that the contrasts between the two are intentional. This is so that the company can broaden its target audience to the widest possible degree, and like in all businesses, produce the most profit. There are clear lines to be drawn between this and Chomsky’s theory of media ownership of “he who controls the mind of the media controls the public”. Both the Daily Mail’s and The i’s journalism construct their views to target the audiences that buy into those views and increase profits which supports Chomsky’s theory. The Daily Mail has an editorial column, which can show the editors views and therefore, does not give a voice to many, whereas, the I has an “opinion matrix” instead; which can include a range of different voices and opinions and gives more freedom, overall suggesting a more libertarian view.

Title- Reckless Driver sent to prison for Speeding

A car driver has been sent to prison after cars were filmed speeding at over 90mph driving through country lanes in Jersey.

Jamie Williams (18) was locked up in prison for a total of six months, fined £700 and banned from driving for two years after being found guilty of aiding and abetting dangerous driving.

Williams, was arrested after the States police of Jersey received multiple reports of a number of vehicles driving over the speed limit on 21st May through the country lanes of Trinity and St Lawrence.

After extensive inquiries, Williams’ vehicle was identified and he was arrested.

There was Video footage obtained from the defendant’s phone and analysed by an expert, which showed that the vehicles were travelling at speeds in excess of 90mph on country lanes of just 20mph and 30mph speed limits. This suggests that Williams clearly thought that the Jersey road rules didn’t apply to him and that there wouldn’t be any consequences.

States police chief Harold Martin said: ‘We assume that islanders will be shocked and also concerned by the footage associated with this case. If someone had been coming in the opposite direction the outcome would have resulted in someone’s death or something very serious.’ He also stated that ‘The Jersey police department are all aware that the public might be wary of driving’

For my newspaper NEA I am going to produce the front cover of a local newspaper, called Island News, which will be aimed at an audience of all ages living in the region who are interested in national and international news stories as well as stories relating specifically to the local area.

In terms of layout and design, I am going to follow the style model of our CSP (The Daily Mail). This has a main image (half page) with two ‘plugs‘ or ‘ears‘ (ie headline stories from inside the paper), underneath a strapline for my paper. I will also have a masthead, barcode and other institutional details (time, date, price etc).

For my main story, I am going to write about a Driver being jailed after footage found by the police of them speeding at 80mph through lanes in Jersey, he was fined £570 and banned from driving for two years after being found guilty of aiding and abetting dangerous driving. For example, we have looked at the authoritarian v libertarian debate theory, this can be linked to my article as it can suggest that the driver is more libertarian due to the fact that he was not abiding the road rules of Jersey.

Underneath the main image, which will be of the driver, I will have the body article. I will have approximately 150-200 words which will form the main article and will be continued inside the paper) which will be set out in columns, with a drop cap on the first letter of the first word. I will also have a contents bar at the bottom of the newspaper.

Overall, the paper will be clean, contemporary and stylish

Noam Chomsky- American linguist, philosopher and political activist.  A Laureate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona and an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is the author of more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Chomsky’s political values have changed since his childhood when he was influenced by the emphasis on political activism that was ingrained in Jewish working-class tradition. He thinks best meet human needs: liberty, community, and freedom of association.  “the father of modern linguistics”

Five filters of media:

Ownership– e.g if there are only a few companies

Part of bigger conglomerates with an end game of profit. Push for what gets them that profit that’s their interest. Chomsky is saying ‘the media is manufacturing consent look at the way it is organised’. ‘Critical journalism takes second place to the needs and interests of the corporation.’- Animation by Al Jazeera, Noam Chomsky- The Five Filters of the Mass Media Machine

Advertising

Not selling you products, they are selling advertisers a product. Advertisers are paying for audiences. Audience becomes the product.

Links with establishment (official sources) e.g. friends with the higher ups. Anyone that has power

Being friends with higher ups helps to promote your career. Risk of losing job if not.

Flack (strong criticism) – persuaded to think about something else

When the story doesn’t work in their favour they undermine and discredit journalists/media to manipulate audiences into believing them.

Uniting against a ‘common enemy’

To manufacture consent, you need an enemy — a target. That common enemy is the fifth filter. Communism. Terrorists. Immigrants. An enemy of an enemy

‘Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.’

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action ( Realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.)

The emergence of an independent, market-based press, created a new public engaged in critical political discussion.

‘he argues, the public sphere came to be dominated by an expanded state and organised economic interests’

‘created a new public engaged in critical political thinking’

Curran and Seaton

‘View the market as an analogue of the electoral process’

‘The press is the people’s watchdog, scrutinizing the actions of the government and holding the country’s rulers to account’

‘Broadcasting institutions ultimately depend on the state for their legitimation’

‘watchdog role is said to override in importance all other functions of the media’

Left and right- labour parties, labour (left) and conservative (right)

Newspaper:

Religion-

Key theme	Daily Mail (textual evidence)	Daily Mail (institutional evidence)	The I (textual evidence)	The I (institutional evidence)
Globalisation-		Its known for its independent editorial stance and coverage of foreign news	p.16 ‘have you heard about the hunger crisis in East Africa? Do you know people are dying right now’ left wing
Business over humans-		Right wing tabloid (cares more about the business)	Page 20. ‘Trade is not at heart of the EU’.	Was originally at the price of 30p and ended up increasing to £1.20
Patriotism-	Front page ‘Joyous Jubilee’ – supporting Royal Family		Family Front page ‘The new Firm’ slightly critical of Royal Family
Racial superiority-	p.10-11 presence of white people significantly more often, people of colour totally absent		p.6-7 presence of both white and people of colour suggesting it is more a left wing
Use of military-	page 2 of supplement caption ‘red arrow soar over the thousands		Page 19. ‘Putin the Great? Hardly’. Suggests they are not Pro-Putin and are not supporting the Russian invasion.
Class division-	‘sense of togetherness’ sub-heading p.4 is trying to persuade us that the nation is all together regardless of class divisions
Regulation-		It’s print circulation has fallen below 900,000 for the first time in more than 100 years		Named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2015 News Awards
Class over nationality-	‘sense of togetherness’ sub-heading p.4 is trying to persuade us that the nation is all together regardless of class divisions
Drug usage-	p.21 ‘drug that cuts weight by 20%’ may encourage more drug users
Nationalism-	page 10 ‘how the nation came together’ suggest national harmony – we are all together.
Authoritarian / Libertarian	Still uses an Editorial ie the voice of one over many?	Right wing tabloid	Does not have voice of editor, but an ‘Opinion Matrix’ instead ie a range of different voices and opinion – so much more freedom and plurality (=many) in voice and thought?	Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn declared himself to be a dedicated reader of the i. Nick Clegg, former UK Deputy Prime Minister and former leader of the Liberal Democrats, a centrist party, is a fortnightly columnist for the i.  Not right wing or left, more in the middle.
Different cultures	p.6/7 ‘very British’ but shows culture in pictures

Daily Mail Facts

1 First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe

2 It is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust

3 It is the United Kingdom’s second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun

4 Daily Mail was founded in 1896 by Alfred Harmsworth

5 Its known for its independent editorial stance and coverage of foreign news

6 Can be traced to the Hull Packet (founded in 1787), which was merged with the Hull Evening News in 1884

7 Editors are  Paul Dacre, Stewart Steven, R. D. Blumenfeld, W. G. Fish, Tom Clarke

8  In February the newspaper sold an average of 896,455 copies each day

9   print circulation has fallen below 900,000 for the first time in more than 100 years

10 Right wing tabloid

The I Facts

1 published in London by Daily Mail and General Trust

2 was originally launched in 2010 as a sister paper to The Independent

3 bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) on 29 November 2019, for £49.6 million

4  was originally at the price of 30p. This increased to 40p in January 2014, with the weekday edition rising to 30p. In September 2016, the price was raised to 60p, with the weekday edition rising to 50p. On 14 September 2019, The iweekend price rose from £1 to £1.20.^[26]

5  named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2015 News Awards

6 Nick Clegg, former UK Deputy Prime Minister and former leader of the Liberal Democrats, a centrist party, is a fortnightly columnist for the i. 

7  Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn declared himself to be a dedicated reader of the i

8 The paper now runs a subscription, whereby customers can buy pre-paid vouchers to exchange for their copy of the paper. The subscription can be either six months or a year long and can be chosen Monday to Friday or including Saturday. There is also a discounted student subscription that lasts for one academic year.