1- Todorov

Todorov- the stage of equilibrium

the conflict that disrupts this initial equilibrium

the way / ways in which the disruption looks to find new equilibrium

the denouement and/or resolution that brings about a new equilibrium

 This stage is found at the beginning of the film, where everything is as it should be and the characters lives are normal.

. The second stage is the disruption stage. This is when the state of equilibrium is disturbed by an event occurring.

flexi-narratives – three act structures in a similar pattern to that used by master plot/ sub plot sequences.

metanarratives- provide the audience with moments that draw attention to the idea that they are watching a story.

disequilibrium and transgression – Todorov identifies the use of transgressive action as a mechanism that also enables ideological meaning to form. characters break rules or violate social norms and to repair those transgressions they must be punished or effect a transformation.

Transgression is an act that goes against a law, rule, or code of conduct; an offence

2- Vladimir Propp

Propp suggested that stories do not necessarily have to use all stock characters.

there is a

• hero
• villain
• princess and the princess’ father
• donor
• helper
• dispatcher
• false hero