| what do you know? | what do you understand? | |
| Noam Chomsky | Five filters, mass media. (Structures of ownership, The role of advertising, Links with establishment, Diversionary tactics- flak, Uniting against a ‘common enemy’. | He argued that the mass media is used by the elite in society to manufacture consent towards dominant ideology. |
| James Curran | ||
| Jean Seaton | ||
| Jurgen Habermas | Public sphere, private sphere, critical theory and pragmatism. | The notion of the “public sphere” began evolving during the Renaissance in Western Europe. In The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Habermas showed how modern European salons, cafés, and literary groups contain the resources for democratizing the public sphere. |
| Semiotics | CS pierce, index – A sign with a link to its object icon– a sign which looks like its object symbol– a sign with a more random link to its object | sign– something that stands in for something else code– symbolic tools that are used to create meaning dominant signifier– the main representative anchorage– words that have an image to give context Ferdinand De Saussure signified– an idea which is summoned by the signifier signifier– something which stands in for something else Roland Barthes Myth– the most apparent quantity of signification which disfigures the meaning by validating arbitrary cultural assumptions in a similar way to the denotative sign. Radical– something which challenges dominant ideas. Reactionary– dominant ideas which are confirmed by something ideology– the reinforcement of codes which are congruent with structures of power denotation– literal or basic meaning of a sign connotation– the secondary cultural meaning of signs or “signifying signs,” which are then used as the signifiers for a secondary meaning. paradigm – A collection of similar signs. syntagm – The sequence which words have been put in to. |
| Feminist critical thinking | Laura mulvey, 3rd wave feminism(barker and Jane)~ an emphasis on the differences among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion individual and do-it-yourself (DIY) tactics fluid and multiple subject positions and identities cyberactivism the reappropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ and ‘bitch’ for liberatory purposes sex positivity | 1st wave feminism, 2nd wave feminism Feminist = a political position Female = a matter of biology Feminine = a set of culturally defined characteristics, Raunch culture -Butler -Tori Moi -Jean Kilbourne Feminist Frequency. |
| Post-colonialism | The slave trade, POSTCOLONIALISM operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘. | postcolonial criticism challenges the assumption of a universal claim, Jacques Lacan- The “other” |
| Lasswell | Model of communication | describes an act of communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and with what effect it was said. Notion of brainwashing, active is the opposite of passive. |
| Lazarfeld | Two-step flow of communication (interpersonal interaction has a far stronger effect on shaping public opinion than mass media outlets), spiral of science. | The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. They then begin to infiltrate these opinions through the general public who become “opinion followers”. Men’s health- men aren’t sufficiently influenced by this magazine it is their opinions which depend on whether they are influenced or not, it is more societal standards that are influenced by this i.e general public. |
| Uses and Gratifications | Bulmar and Katz, information and education, entertainment, personal identity, integration and social interaction, escapism. | Suggests media users play an active role in choosing and using the media. Bulmer and Katz believed that the user seeks out the media source that best fulfils their needs. Pleasure needs uses gratifications |
| Stuart Hall | He was an outsider, studied at oxford and grew up in Jamaica. Reception Theory, Encoding/Decoding. | Media texts contain a variety of messages that are encoded (made/inserted) by producers and then decoded (understood) by audiences. Therefore what we see is simply a ‘re-presentation’ of what producers want us to see. Mens health(2-3)- if you wear the fragrance you will be like that or be with her/him. Touching her inappropriately, racism, wealth. |
