The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
AI systems include search engines, recommendation systems and algorithms, automated decision making systems, machines that can understand human speech
Change and Transformation
The transformation of social interaction (audiences)
The transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation)
The transformation of institutional structures (industry)
The changes in textual content and structure (language)
The transformation of audience consumption
In summary, this could be described as the changing nature of symbolic interaction
Transformation of The Media
Traditionally, media was LINEAR and followed on from one element to the other in a logical sense. It was in a physical form meaning it was less instant. In this post-modern era, the media is NON-LINEAR, confusing, complex and random. Most previous media forms now have digital versions which are more improved and advanced. The need for less complex media has been removed from our daily life.
Key Ideas: The transformation of the media
Speed
Time
Share
Feedback
Space
Access
Storage
Connectivity
Participation
Discover
Retrieval
Adaptation
Knowledge
share
active
creative
host
example or comment
Expressing your own ideas, beliefs, knowledge on a platform for others to see/utilise
Eg. Sharing a post on social media is a way of inviting connectivity with others through comments etc.
story
re-connect
personalise
stream
example or comment
A linear or non-linear
experience
store
scale
immerse
example or comment
interface
live
adapt
binge
example or comment
The idea of something being viewed as it is happening in real time. Rather than a representation of something that has previously taken place
Changing yourself/attributes dependent on circumstances and environment
Netflix allows users to watch many episodes of shows whereas traditionally, television broadcast programmes periodically meaning viewers had to wait in-between
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
What is the Theory? Clay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other. New digital technologies and social media has made connecting and collaborating incredibly easy. Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible — with deep social and political implications. Clay Shirky shows how Facebook, Twitter and TXTs help citizens in repressive regimes to report on real news, bypassing censors (however briefly). The end of top-down control of news is changing the nature of politics.
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
B.F. Skinner
Skinner researched behaviour and looked thoroughly into operant conditioning. According to this principle, behaviour that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect – Reinforcement. This can be seen in media by individuals being feed content and being dragged in.
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
Most people — young and old — are able to moderate their use of social media so it doesn’t take over their lives. However, 20% of people who have at least one social media account feel they have to check them at least once every three hours to avoid feeling anxious. This phenomenon goes beyond “fear of missing out,” or FOMO. In fact, it now has its own name: social media anxiety disorder, as reported by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA). – Uni of Nevada
On average, Americans check their phones 344 times a day, once every 4 minutes.
15-16 year olds had an increased chance of developing ADHD from high digital media use.
2021, South Africans had the highest device usage of 10 hours a day.
64% of Americans use their phone on the toilet.
Suggested Essay Structure?
Remember to focus on key issues around new media – privacy, knowledge, understanding, education, friendship, behaviour, thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, politics, economics, employment, war, conflict, food, the environment, space, science (essentially social change)
Overview: New media always creates change (printing press, telegram etc)
Q: so how has recent technology changed (society, individuals, organisations, ideas, beliefs etc etc)
CSP 1 – show knowledge of CSP
characteristics of new media (in reference to CSP 1)
theoretical / conceptual analysis of new media (loop theory, network theory, Dunbar number, McLuhan, Krotoski)
Critically thinking about new media (Baudrillard, McLuhan, Krotoski, B. F. Skinner, Zuboff, Lanier – are all essentially critical of new media technologies. But Gauntlett, Shirky, Jenkins are all very positive about new media technologies)
CSP 2 – show knowledge
Draw parallels and conclusions
Suggest future pathways / developments
Some themes and discussion points from Great Hack(doc we watched):
The Exchange of Data – Individuals personal data shared whether that be illegal or legal.
Search for Truth –
Behaviour Management –
Propaganda / Persuasion – Propaganda is the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion. Campaigns to work in peoples favour in political elections.
Regulation –
Jaron Lanier – American computer scientist, visual artist, computer philosophy writer, technologist, futurist, and composer of contemporary classical music.
Shoshana Zuboff – Instrumentarian power is characterised by Zuboff as the “instrumentation and instrumentalization of behaviour for the purposes of modification, prediction, monetization, and control”
For many the role of technology is actually the most defining aspect of Media, for example Marshall McLuhan proposed in 1964 that the Medium was the message, or as he deliberately titled his book ‘The Media is the Massage’.In other words, the medium (the technology) is more significant than anything else in determining meaning ie over companies, organisations, governments, individuals, representations, texts etc etc
TOPIC
NOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s
the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)
mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
Self help 24 hour movement guideline recommends less than 2 hours a day screen time for teens. The average is 9 hours.
Too much screen time may lead to:
Sleep problems
Lower grades in school
Reading fewer books
Less time with family and friends
Not enough outdoor or physical activity
Weight problems
Mood problems
Poor self-image and body image issues
Fear of missing out
Less time learning other ways to relax and have fun.
B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behaviour. Changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment.
Pigeon test – asking pigeon to do something and rewarding it with food. The pigeon then does those things.
Around 1,160,000 people are out of work in Canada alone. Although AI helps reduce business costs, it’s set to create some significant problems. As per The Guardian, customer service jobs (85%) will face the highest AI threat by 2021.
AI will Become Smarter than Humans
AI can learn anything quickly, meaning its intelligence is increasing. In 2013, AI had the same intelligence as a 4 year old. By 2029, AI will have the same intelligence level as adult humans.
To start off with I would like to prioritise the notion of CHANGE & TRANSFORMATION as a way of thinking about NEW MEDIA which can be linked to the key ideas of a media syllabus. For example,
the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
The transformation of audience consumption
access
communication
speed
storage
sharing
publishing
time
space
information
connectivity
history
participation
knowledge
discover
retrieval
share
active
creative
host
example or comment
Sending photos / videos with other people
story
re-connect
personalise
stream
example or comment
Streaming websites allow you to catch up on all your favourite tv shows
experience
store
scale
immerse
example or comment
interface
live
adapt
binge
example or comment
Something happening right at the moment that you can watch on your screens instead of having to be there
Netflix have binge worthy shows to watch
conversation
re-perform
circulate
endless
example or comment
Being able to talk to with people online
Marshall McLuhan
“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication”
“The medium is the message” is a phrase coined by the Canadian communication theorist Marshall McLuhan and the name of the first chapter in his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964.
The central theory behind “the medium is the message” is that the medium through which content is carried plays a vital role in the way it is perceived.
McLuhan’s most famous idea is that “the medium is the message”. By which he means that the important thing about media is not the messages they carry but the way the medium itself affects human consciousness and society at large
TOPIC
NOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s
the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)
mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
There are 5.07 billion internet users and 4.7 billion social media users. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/ Facebook is the most used media app 15.6 Million new Netflix users
Theodore Vail
The Network effect
Norbert WeinerLoop Theory
Loop Theory – predictive behaviour But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling)
Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment
(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’
The
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar Number
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirky
Clay Shirky is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism.
Vannavar Bush
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim Berners–Lee
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
B.F. Skinner
The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. He discovered the power of positive reinforcement in learning. Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
74,814 mins ( just under 1250 hours) listened to spotify in 2022 – Me
recommend only 2 hours of recreational screen time per day – 24 hour movement guidelines 2018 Largest social media demographic = ages 20 – 29 – data reportal
Jersey #1 out of 224 countries in internet speeds at 229MB/s on average – 2021
AI – Artificial intelligence is shaping the future of humanity across nearly every industry. It is already the main driver of emerging technologies like big data, robotics and IoT, and it will continue to act as a technological innovator for the foreseeable future.
the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
The transformation of audience consumption
Transportation: Although it could take some time to perfect them, autonomous cars will one day ferry us from place to place.
Manufacturing: AI powered robots work alongside humans to perform a limited range of tasks like assembly and stacking, and predictive analysis sensors keep equipment running smoothly.
Healthcare: In the comparatively AI-nascent field of healthcare, diseases are more quickly and accurately diagnosed, drug discovery is sped up and streamlined, virtual nursing assistants monitor patients and big data analysis helps to create a more personalized patient experience.
Education: Textbooks are digitized with the help of AI, early-stage virtual tutors assist human instructors and facial analysis gauges the emotions of students to help determine who’s struggling or bored and better tailor the experience to their individual needs.
Media: Journalism is harnessing AI, too, and will continue to benefit from it. Bloomberg uses Cyborg technology to help make quick sense of complex financial reports. The Associated Press employs the natural language abilities of Automated Insights to produce 3,700 earning reports stories per year — nearly four times more than in the recent past.
Customer Service: Last but hardly least, Google is working on an AI assistant that can place human-like calls to make appointments at, say, your neighborhood hair salon. In addition to words, the system understands context and nuance.
TIME
SPACE
SPEED
CONTROL
RATE OF CHANGE
ACCESS
QUANTITY
NON – LINEAR
COLLABORATION
ADVANCES
QUALITY
OPPERTUNITY
STORAGE
RETREIVAL
share
active
creative
host
example or comment
story
re-connect
personalise
stream
example or comment
Old – story meaning literature New – story having new meaning e.g. Instagram story
Old – can only stream a certain number of channels New – Can stream hundreds of channels
experience
store
scale
immerse
example or comment
interface
live
adapt
binge
example or comment
Old – unable to binge, have to wait for weekly episodes New – Can binge series all in one
conversation
re-perform
circulate
endless
Marshall McLuhan
He predicted the World Wide Web almost 30 years before it was invented.[
The Medium is the Message
“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication – In other words, the medium (the technology) is more significant than anything else in determining meaning i.e. over companies, organisations, governments, individuals, representations, texts etc etc
A way of understanding ‘technological determinism‘ the idea that it is the tool that shapes us, rather than us who shape the tool.
Alex Krotoski- The Virtual Revolution. For example, she looks at the pioneering work of Vannevar Bush – ‘As we may Think‘ (1945) that describes a memory machine that would make knowledge (and thereby understanding?) more accessible.
OPIC
NOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s
the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)
mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
Internet statistics
As of 2022, there are 4.95 billion active internet users (DataReportal, 2022). That marks a 192 million year-over-year increase compared to 2021’s figures. At four percent, the growth in active internet users worldwide is four times faster than the total population growth, which stands at one
Over six out of every ten, or 65.6 percent, to be exact, of the entire world’s population has internet access
According to 24 movement guidelines it is recommended teens should spend up to 2 hours on the internet in 2018
Out of all the users of social media the average demographic user is 20-29 (Data Reportal)
In 2021 it was reported that Jersey is number 1 internet speed and connectivity globally
Skinner (operant conditioning). Reinforcement theory says that behaviour is driven by its consequences. As such, positive behaviours should be rewarded positively. Negative behaviours should not be rewarded or should be punished.
Suggested Essay Structure?
Remember to focus on key issues around new media – privacy, knowledge, understanding, education, friendship, behaviour, thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, politics, economics, employment, war, conflict, food, the environment, space, science (essentially social change)
Overview: New media always creates change (printing press, telegram etc)
Q: so how has recent technology changed (society, individuals, organisations, ideas, beliefs etc etc)
CSP 1 – show knowledge of CSP
characteristics of new media (in reference to CSP 1)
theoretical / conceptual analysis of new media (loop theory, network theory, Dunbar number, McLuhan, Krotoski)
Critically thinking about new media (Baudrillard, McLuhan, Krotoski, B. F. Skinner, Zuboff, Lanier – are all essentially critical of new media technologies. But Gauntlett, Shirky, Jenkins are all very positive about new media technologies)
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
stats:
8hrs a day cell phone use for teenagers
2.93 billion facebook users
spend an average of 5 years and 4 months on social media
Artificial Intelligence (AI)- the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making and translations between languages.
Types of AI – reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-aware AI.
the transformation of social interaction (audiences)
the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation)
the transformation of institutional structures (industry);and the changes in textual content and structure(language)
the transformation of audience consumption `
Overall, this could be described as the changing nature of symbolic interaction and a lot of the work on this blog is discussing this concept.
Key Terms
Speed
knowledge
time
communication
understanding
access
privacy
choice
interactivity
Storage
retrieval
New Media
share
active
creative
host
example or comment
Facebook status
Widgets
Radio 1
story
re-connect
personalise
stream
example or comment
Tiktok
Social Media
Making your own social media accounts/ For you page Tiktok
Football/ World Cup
experience
store
scale
immerse
example or comment
Apple store- download apps/ Contacts
interface
live
adapt
binge
example or comment
Instagram
Adapting Apple Iphone’s every year to fit with circumstances and modernisation
Top Boy (netflix)
conversation
re-perform
circulate
endless
example or comment
Snapchat
Elf Yourself
News
Marshall McLuhan – The Medium is the message:
This means that the the technology (medium) is more important then the content.
“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication”
Krotoski also looks at the network effect, ‘the constant loop of digital information’ (Krotoski), which create a loop of action/reaction which allows for (companies to predict?) future action. This is an important concept for understanding how and why business masquerade their operations as personal interactions, which often appear to be ‘free’, but which can actually generate great reward.
TOPIC
NOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’s
the impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)
mental health internet addiction? Choices made? ‘A world without consequences’ ‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
A total of 5.07 billion people around the world use the internet today the world’s online connected population grew by more than 170 million in the 12 months to October 2022. The average global internet user now spends 6 hours and 37 minutes online each day, but this is actually 5 percent less than the daily average for October 2021. Added together, the world’s internet users will spend roughly 1.4 billion years of combined human existence online in 2022. Nearly a third of respondents (29.3%) indicated that technology should be paired with a mental health professional, on average americans check their phone 344 times a day 15-16 have increased chance of developing adhd from high digital media use (medical use today ) 2021 average use of internet a day is 7 hrs a day, 415.5
(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’
an individual’s causal attributions of achievement affect subsequent behaviors and motivation. One of the primary assumptions of attribution theory is that people will interpret their environment in such a way as to maintain a positive self-image.
The Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150. So who benefits from greater connectivity? Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other. an advocate and activist for the free culture movement, so I’m a pretty unlikely candidate for Internet censor. But I have just asked the students in my fall seminar to refrain from using laptops, tablets, and phones in class. pro new media
associative not linear thinking the demise of long form reading So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge. Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
the inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhan
The Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions
the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
The transformation of audience consumption
Media Theorists
Ferdinand de Saussure (Media Language) CS Pierce (Media Language) Roland Barthes (Media Language) Levi-Strauss (Media Language) Steve Neale (Media Language) Jean Baudrillard (Media Language)
Judith Butler (Media Representation) David Gauntlett (Media Representation) Paul Gilroy (Media Representation) Stuart Hall (Media Representation) Bell Hooks (Media Representation) Liesbet van Zoonen (Media Representation)
Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), which has a narrow range of abilities;
Artificial general intelligence (AGI), which is on par with human capabilities; or.
Artificial superintelligence (ASI), which is more capable than a human.
To start off with I would like to prioritise the notion of CHANGE & TRANSFORMATION as a way of thinking about NEW MEDIA which can be linked to the key ideas of a media syllabus. For example,
the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
The transformation of audience consumption
3 KEYWORDS THAT HAVE TRANSFORMED MEDIA:
SPEED
ACCESS
CONNECTIVITY
FEEDBACK
TIME
SHARE
STORAGE
SPACE
PATICIPATION
DISCOVERY
RETRIEVAL
KNOWLEDGE
share
active
creative
host
example or comment
You have the ability to combine your knowledge of something with another person
story
re-connect
personalise
stream
example or comment
You are able to relate on a deeper level to something that nobody else can
experience
store
scale
immerse
example or comment
Store something on your phone
interface
live
adapt
binge
example or comment
A real-life video broadcast that people can watch
You are able to change what you’re doing or saying or how you are acting based on the environment around you
Netflix for example, allows you to watch an unlimited amount of programs
conversation
re-perform
circulate
endless
example or comment
A discourse in which you engage with another person while successfully demonstrating turn-taking
With the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, there has been a rise in malicious cyber activity against the United States, Ukraine, and Russia. A prominent and rare documented use of artificial intelligence in conflict is on behalf of Ukraine, using facial recognition software to uncover Russian assailants and identify Ukrainians killed in the ongoing war.
