New Media

CHANGE & TRANSFORMATION

Social interaction is the process by which we act and react to those around us.

Our identities, the ways we see and represent ourselves shape how we communicate, what we communicate about, how we communicate with others and how we communicate about others. Hence identity, representation, culture and difference are all central to a Social Psychology of communication.

  1. the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
  2. the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
  3. the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
  4. The transformation of audience consumption

There is a type of control happening through the years that let the people absorb what type of media they would like to consume. There is time shift between how the media allows the new technology to develop where they collect ideas on how to let if flow easily. There is some that are direct flows whereas you can see someone multi flow.

  1. Time
  2. space
  3. speed
  4. control
  5. Rate
  6. Access
  7. Quantity
  8. Non linear
  9. Calibration
  10. Advance
  11. Quality
  12. Opportunities
  13. New money
  14. Storage
  15. Retrieval

ShareActiveCreativeHost
example or commentExample: It is easy to upload pictures and share on social media
StoryRe-connectPersonaliseStream
example or commentExample: BBC tell daily stories of what is happening in the worldExample: Connect to Wi-Fi
ExperienceStoreScaleImmerse
example or commentExample: You can store memories on your phone or computer by taking pictures and uploading to a drive
InterfaceLiveAdaptBinge
example or commentExample: Can go live on a varies of different platforms including news reporters.Example: Can be more usefulExample: In the old days you would have to wait for each episode every week, now you can watch Netflix and watch the series all in one day
ConversationRe-performCirculateEndless
example or commentExample: You would normally have a physical conversation in the old days whereas now you can call someone and have a conversation through there

“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication” 

A way of understanding ‘technological determinism‘ the idea that it is the tool that shapes us, rather than us who shape the tool. – Marshall McLuhan – The Medium is the Message

McLuhan adopted the term “massage” to denote the effect of numerous media in how they ‘massage’ the human sensorium.

By playing on words and using the term “massage,” McLuhan suggests that modern audiences enjoy mainstream media as soothing, enjoyable, and relaxing. However, the pleasure we find in this media is deceiving, as the changes between society and technology are incongruent, perpetuating an ‘Age of Anxiety’.

Consider a future device . . . which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.” – Vannevar Bush 

The idea of how our minds process information is interesting, with the suggestion that we do not think in a linear or sequential way, but associatively and sensorily, so that information is linked to patterns, consequences, almost like nodes of hyperlinked information. Krotoski also looks at the network effect, ‘the constant loop of digital information’ (Krotoski), which create a loop of action/reaction which allows for (companies to predict?) future action. This is an important concept for understanding how and why business masquerade their operations as personal interactions, which often appear to be ‘free’, but which can actually generate great reward.

TOPICNOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’sthe impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)mental health
internet addiction? Choices made?
‘A world without consequences’
‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
Theodore VailThe Network effect
Norbert Weiner Loop TheoryLoop Theory – predictive behaviour
But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling
)

Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment

Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard)

(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’

The
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar NumberThe Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150.
So who benefits from greater connectivity?
 Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay Shirkyhow our networks shape culture and vice versa, he is pro-technology as he believes new technology is share and to connect and develop.
Vannavar Bushassociative not linear thinking
the demise of long form reading

So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge.

Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim Berners–Leethe inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhanThe Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions

A self hour site 24 hour movement guideless they recommend how many hours online from 2018 you should be 2 hours maximin online.

One thousand hours of people spend 2 hours on Spotify.

In 2021 report that jersey is number 1 for in connectivity for fastest online in the global.

Skinner

Skinner theorized that if a behaviour is followed by reinforcement, that behaviour is more likely to be repeated, but if it is followed by punishment, it is less likely to be repeated. Positive behaviours should be rewarded positively. Negative behaviours should not be rewarded or should be punished. 

Zuboff – Google and Facebook invented and transferred surveillance capitalism into “a new logic of accumulation”.

NEW MEDIA

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

  • The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
  • AI systems include search engines, recommendation systems and algorithms, automated decision making systems, machines that can understand human speech

Change and Transformation

  1. The transformation of social interaction (audiences)
  2. The transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation)
  3. The transformation of institutional structures (industry)
  4. The changes in textual content and structure (language)
  5. The transformation of audience consumption

In summary, this could be described as the changing nature of symbolic interaction

Transformation of The Media

Traditionally, media was LINEAR and followed on from one element to the other in a logical sense. It was in a physical form meaning it was less instant. In this post-modern era, the media is NON-LINEAR, confusing, complex and random. Most previous media forms now have digital versions which are more improved and advanced. The need for less complex media has been removed from our daily life.

Key Ideas: The transformation of the media

  • Speed
  • Time
  • Share
  • Feedback
  • Space
  • Access
  • Storage
  • Connectivity
  • Participation
  • Discover
  • Retrieval
  • Adaptation
  • Knowledge

shareactivecreativehost
example or commentExpressing your own ideas, beliefs, knowledge on a platform for others to see/utilise

Eg. Sharing a post on social media is a way of inviting connectivity with others through comments etc.
story

re-connectpersonalisestream
example or commentA linear or non-linear
experiencestorescaleimmerse
example or comment
interfaceliveadaptbinge
example or commentThe idea of something being viewed as it is happening in real time. Rather than a representation of something that has previously taken place Changing yourself/attributes dependent on circumstances and environmentNetflix allows users to watch many episodes of shows whereas traditionally, television broadcast programmes periodically meaning viewers had to wait in-between
conversationre-performcirculateendless

example or comment

NEW MEDIA

TOPICNOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’sthe impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)mental health
internet addiction? Choices made?
‘A world without consequences’
‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
Theodore VailThe Network effect
Norbert Wiener Loop TheoryLoop Theory – predictive behaviour
But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling
)

Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment

Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard)

(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar NumberThe Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150.
So who benefits from greater connectivity?
 Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay ShirkyWhat is Clay Shirky’s theory?


What is the Theory? Clay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other. New digital technologies and social media has made connecting and collaborating incredibly easy.
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible — with deep social and political implications.
Clay Shirky shows how Facebook, Twitter and TXTs help citizens in repressive regimes to report on real news, bypassing censors (however briefly). The end of top-down control of news is changing the nature of politics.
Vannavar Bushassociative not linear thinking
the demise of long form reading

So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge.

Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim BernersLeethe inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhanThe Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
B.F. Skinner Skinner researched behaviour and looked thoroughly into operant conditioning. According to this principle, behaviour that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect – Reinforcement. This can be seen in media by individuals being feed content and being dragged in.
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions

Most people — young and old — are able to moderate their use of social media so it doesn’t take over their lives. However, 20% of people who have at least one social media account feel they have to check them at least once every three hours to avoid feeling anxious. This phenomenon goes beyond “fear of missing out,” or FOMO. In fact, it now has its own name: social media anxiety disorder, as reported by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA). – Uni of Nevada

On average, Americans check their phones 344 times a day, once every 4 minutes.

15-16 year olds had an increased chance of developing ADHD from high digital media use.

2021, South Africans had the highest device usage of 10 hours a day.

64% of Americans use their phone on the toilet.

Suggested Essay Structure?

Remember to focus on key issues around new media – privacy, knowledge, understanding, education, friendship, behaviour, thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, politics, economics, employment, war, conflict, food, the environment, space, science (essentially social change)

  1. Overview: New media always creates change (printing press, telegram etc)
  2. Q: so how has recent technology changed (society, individuals, organisations, ideas, beliefs etc etc)
  3. CSP 1 – show knowledge of CSP
  4. characteristics of new media (in reference to CSP 1)
  5. theoretical / conceptual analysis of new media (loop theory, network theory, Dunbar number, McLuhan, Krotoski)
  6. Critically thinking about new media (Baudrillard, McLuhan, Krotoski, B. F. Skinner, Zuboff, Lanier – are all essentially critical of new media technologies. But Gauntlett, Shirky, Jenkins are all very positive about new media technologies)
  7. CSP 2 – show knowledge
  8. Draw parallels and conclusions
  9. Suggest future pathways / developments

Some themes and discussion points from Great Hack(doc we watched):

  • The Exchange of Data – Individuals personal data shared whether that be illegal or legal.
  • Search for Truth
  • Behaviour Management
  • Propaganda / Persuasion – Propaganda is the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion. Campaigns to work in peoples favour in political elections.
  • Regulation

Jaron Lanier – American computer scientist, visual artist, computer philosophy writer, technologist, futurist, and composer of contemporary classical music.

Shoshana Zuboff – Instrumentarian power is characterised by Zuboff as the “instrumentation and instrumentalization of behaviour for the purposes of modification, prediction, monetization, and control

NEW MEDIA
OLD MEDIA
COMMENT OR EXAMPLE
Active involvement

Passive involvement

Two-way conversationOne-way conversation
Open systemClosed system
TransparentOpaque
One-on-one marketingMass marketing
About MeAbout You
Brand and User-generated ContentProfessional content
Authentic contentPolished content
FREE platformPaid platform
Metric: EngagementMetric: Reach/ frequency
Actors: Users / InfluencersActors/ Celebrities
Community decision-makingEconomic decision-making
Unstructured communicationControlled communication
Real time creationPre-produced/ scheduled
Bottom-up strategyTop-down strategy
Informal languageFormal language

Useful vocabulary

shareactivecreativehost
example or comment
story

re-connectpersonalisestream
example or comment
experiencestorescaleimmerse
example or comment
interfaceliveadaptbinge
example or comment
conversationre-performcirculateendless

example or comment

New Media

New Technologies allow for improvement in:

time

space

speed

control

access

the rate of change

quantity

non-linear

collaboration

quality

commercialisation

storage

shareactivecreativehost
example or comment
story

re-connectpersonalisestream
example or comment
experiencestorescaleimmerse
example or comment
interfaceliveadaptbinge
example or comment
conversationre-performcirculateendless

example or comment
SHAREACTIVECREATIVEHOST
exampleI shared a news storyI was active onlineI was creative when I made a video Host a party online
STORYRECONNECTPERSONALISESTREAM
exampleYou can reconnect with old friendsYou can personalise your content so that it suits your interest more
EXPERIANCESTORESCALEIMMERSE
exampleI store photos and videos on my phoneWent to the cinema and was immersed in the story
INTERFACELIVEADAPTBINGE
exampleYou can adapt technology more to suit youI binged Breaking Bad
CONVERSATIONRE-PERFORMCIRCULATEENDLESS
exampleYou can have a conversation with people online.

NEW MEDIA

OLD MEDIA
COMMENT OR EXAMPLE
Active involvement

Passive involvement

Two-way conversationOne-way conversation
Open systemClosed system
TransparentOpaque
One-on-one marketingMass marketing
About MeAbout You
Brand and User-generated ContentProfessional content
Authentic contentPolished content
FREE platformPaid platform
Metric: EngagementMetric: Reach/ frequency
Actors: Users / InfluencersActors/ Celebrities
Community decision-makingEconomic decision-making
Unstructured communicationControlled communication
Real time creationPre-produced/ scheduled
Bottom-up strategyTop-down strategy
Informal languageFormal language

Marshall McLuhan:

The Medium is the Message – a good theorist to quote in your exam.

“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication” (p. 8: 1967)

Marshall McLuhan: The Medium is the Message: A way of understanding ‘technological determinism‘ the idea that it is the tool that shapes us, rather than us who shape the tool.

For many the role of technology is actually the most defining aspect of Media, for example Marshall McLuhan proposed in 1964 that the Medium was the message, or as he deliberately titled his book ‘The Media is the Massage’.  In other words, the medium (the technology) is more significant than anything else in determining meaning ie over companies, organisations, governments, individuals, representations, texts etc etc

TOPICNOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’sthe impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)mental health
internet addiction? Choices made?
‘A world without consequences’
‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection stats
Theodore VailThe Network effect
Norbert Weiner Loop TheoryLoop Theory – predictive behaviour
But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling
)

Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment

Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard)

(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’

The
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar NumberThe Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150.
So who benefits from greater connectivity?
 Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay ShirkyClay Shirky argued audience behaviour has progressed from the passive consumption of media texts to a much more interactive experience with the products and each other
Vannavar Bushassociative not linear thinking
the demise of long form reading

So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge.

Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim BernersLeethe inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhanThe Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions

Self help 24 hour movement guideline recommends less than 2 hours a day screen time for teens. The average is 9 hours.

Too much screen time may lead to:

  • Sleep problems
  • Lower grades in school
  • Reading fewer books
  • Less time with family and friends
  • Not enough outdoor or physical activity
  • Weight problems
  • Mood problems
  • Poor self-image and body image issues
  • Fear of missing out
  • Less time learning other ways to relax and have fun.

B. F. Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.

The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behaviour. Changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment.

Pigeon test – asking pigeon to do something and rewarding it with food. The pigeon then does those things.

Carol Cadwalladr

New media

AI :

AI can Replace Human Workforce

Around 1,160,000 people are out of work in Canada alone. Although AI helps reduce business costs, it’s set to create some significant problems. As per The Guardian, customer service jobs (85%) will face the highest AI threat by 2021.

 

AI will Become Smarter than Humans

AI can learn anything quickly, meaning its intelligence is increasing. In 2013, AI had the same intelligence as a 4 year old. By 2029, AI will have the same intelligence level as adult humans.  

To start off with I would like to prioritise the notion of CHANGE & TRANSFORMATION as a way of thinking about NEW MEDIA which can be linked to the key ideas of a media syllabus. For example,

  1. the transformation of social interaction (audiences);
  2. the transformation of individual identity (audiences and representation);
  3. the transformation of institutional structures (industry); and the changes in textual content and structure (language).
  4. The transformation of audience consumption

access

communication

speed

storage

sharing

publishing

time

space

information

connectivity

history

participation

knowledge

discover

retrieval

shareactivecreativehost
example or commentSending photos / videos with other people
story

re-connectpersonalisestream
example or commentStreaming websites allow you to catch up on all your favourite tv shows
experiencestorescaleimmerse
example or comment
interfaceliveadaptbinge
example or commentSomething happening right at the moment that you can watch on your screens instead of having to be there Netflix have binge worthy shows to watch
conversationre-performcirculateendless

example or commentBeing able to talk to with people online

Marshall McLuhan

“Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication” 

“The medium is the message” is a phrase coined by the Canadian communication theorist Marshall McLuhan and the name of the first chapter in his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964. 

The central theory behind “the medium is the message” is that the medium through which content is carried plays a vital role in the way it is perceived.

McLuhan’s most famous idea is that “the medium is the message”. By which he means that the important thing about media is not the messages they carry but the way the medium itself affects human consciousness and society at large

TOPICNOTE / COMMENT
The Printing Press (Gutenburg) in the Medieval period mid 1400’sthe impact of new technology
Impact of new technology in South Korea as a result of promoting greater digital interaction (speed, connectivity, spread etc)mental health
internet addiction? Choices made?
‘A world without consequences’
‘Senses over meaning’
On-line / digital connection statsThere are 5.07 billion internet users
and 4.7 billion social media users. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
Facebook is the most used media app
15.6 Million new Netflix users

Theodore VailThe Network effect
Norbert Weiner Loop TheoryLoop Theory – predictive behaviour
But is behaviour shaped and altered through networking and digital communications (pushing / pulling
)

Issues around privacy and individual psychology (mental health / wellbeing) and the environment

Virtual worlds / virtual identities (hypperreality, simulation, implosion – Jean Baudrillard)

(Judith Butler ‘gender performance / David Gauntlett, Anthony Giddens etc ‘fluid & multiple identities’

The
Robin Dunbar – The Dunbar NumberThe Dunbar number suggests that connectivity for individuals, communities or groups is typically 5 o 6, with an upper limit of 150.
So who benefits from greater connectivity?
 Companies, organisations, institutions – ‘small elites dominate’ (Andrew Kean)
Clay ShirkyClay Shirky is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism.
Vannavar Bushassociative not linear thinking
the demise of long form reading

So changing rules for logic, rationality, truth, understanding, knowledge.

Baudrillard implosion (a culture imploding in on itself rather than expanding and developing?)
Tim Berners–Leethe inventor / creator of the World Wide Web – developed and given to everybody for free?!! Why? What did he hope it would achieve? Is he satisfied or disappointed with how it has developed and made an impact on society?
Marshall McLuhanThe Global Village – ‘a sophisticated interactive culture’
B.F. SkinnerThe theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. He discovered the power of positive reinforcement in learning.  Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.
The impact on political and economic decision making
Conclusions, suggestions, reflections and predictions