Broadcasting is to a mass audience

Narrowcasting is to a niche audience

10 things for quality broadcasting

Professional:

Sound Design,

mise-en-scene,

cinematography

editing

A decent budget in order to use quality equipment

Character development and depth

A well-rounded narrative which will captivate viewers

Professional writing, unpredictable

The Royal Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

The current Charter began on 1 January 2017 and ends on 31 December 2027.

The Government will carry out a mid-term review of the Charter, focussing on governance and regulatory arrangements. This review is not a full Charter Review and so will not look at the BBC’s mission, purpose or the method by which it is funded.

The Agreement

The Agreement between the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport and the BBC sits alongside the Charter. It provides further detail on many of the topics outlined in the Charter including the BBC’s funding and its regulatory duties.

The Agreement runs coterminous to the Charter but can be amended during the Charter period subject to the agreement of the Secretary of State and the BBC.

Ethos

The public service ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism is the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

john reith

Frankfurt School

Theodor Adorno explained that Leisure time should be used productively instead of recreational entertainment. This exhibits the idea of Populism and paternalism.

Habermas, transformation of public sphere

the BBC allowed a transformation of the public sphere by changing the notions of time and space

Jean Seaton- theory of Public

One cause of the collapse of the principle of public service broadcasting has been the deterioration in the relationship between the state and broadcasting institutions.

In principle, Mrs Thatcher and her supporters are in favour of de-regulation, competition and choice. They are distrustful, of plans to allow people to listen and watch what they like, subject only to the law of the land. They espouse the market system but they dislike the libertarian value judgements involved in its operation. judgements which underlie the peacock report. the peacock report exposed many of the contradictions of the Thatcherite espousal of market forces.

peacock report is a book written by Richard Collins in 2009

broadcasting – for a mass audience

narrowcasting – to a niche audience

10 key elements

Re-cap of Press:

What is the BBC charter What three things does it say the BBC must do?The BBC’s mission is defined by​​Royal Charter​: to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which ​inform, educate​and ​entertain​.

The BBC Charter is a royal charter setting out the arrangements for the governance of the British Broadcasting Corporation

what is the difference between populism and paternalism

Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.

Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm.

bbc set themselves up to say what is good for you

lord reith’s founding principles still influence the bbc today. he didnt even know what broadcasting is.

• Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere
• Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting
• James Curran – Power and Responsibility
• Sonia Livingston – regulation of media organisations
• Noam Chomsky – manufacturing consent

1. Lord Reith and early days of BBC 10:41 – 13:05
2. The start of BBC Television 14:00 – 16:00 Grace Wyndham-Goldie changing nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space. habermas and helping audiences make decisions
3. The fear of new technology what are the fears around new technologies?
4. The centre of everything – is that still the case now? no other forms of mass media

29 mil ppl watched queens funeral

bbc is like social cement

links to frankfurter school – they talk about culture industry and how we need to use our free/ leisure time productively meaning to develop ourselves and rather than do what we choose(populism).

habermas – transformation of the public sphere bbc

transformation of time and space

• the central place that the BBC plays in our everyday lives,
• the link between individuals and celebrities, royalty, politicians etc,
• the connection towards major events – Cup Finals, Coronations, abdications, funerals, economic unrest etc,
• the way in which BBC acts as ‘social cement’

Habermas – Transformation of the Public Sphere– The idea that the media such as BBC transforms people’s (audience) lives in a way to help them make connections with people in the media, such as the royal family.

Jean Seaton – The concept of Public Service Broadcasting

“broadcasting in britain – monopoly or duopoly – always depended on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good “

Beveridge – ” the work of broadcasting should be regarded as a public service for a social purpose”

” the concept of broadcasting has always been of service , comprehensive in character, with the duty of a public corporation of bringing to public awareness the whole range of activity and expression developed in soceity”

“one cause of the collapse of the principle of pbs has been the deterioration in the relationship between state and broadcasting”

“the independence of broadcasting from the state has recently been seen as the most important condition of the services accountability “

newsbeat

Ideology can be defined as a collection of values and beliefs.
To what extent do media products target audiences by constructing an ideological view of the world?

1. The BBC is a Public Service Broadcaster, funded via the TV license fee. No advertisements.
2. Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.
3. bbc ethos is to inform,educate,entertain
4. In terms of demographics, the BBC Trust claims Radio 1 targets people who are aged 15-29. However, RAJAR suggests the average listener is actually 30:
5. According to Statista, Radio 1 reached just under 9 million listeners every week in the first quarter of 2020.
6. Newsbeat producers responded to the challenge of traditional print media by serving content on their website, YouTube channel, Twitter account and Instagram profile. Taking a multi-platform approach ensures the product remains relevant to its audience.
7. bbc has a responsibility of for public service

i want to argue that the BBC producers have encoded meanings and values into their texts which is then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our indivudual frameworks of knowledge as stuart hall suggested in his reception thory. This is seen in Newsbeat as they have had to compete against stereotypical and print media and the conventions of radio news channels

Stuart Hall argued producers encoded meaning and values into their texts which was then decoded by the audience, but our reactions are shaped by our individual frameworks of knowledge. / Newsbeat had to compete against traditional print media and the conventions of roll news channels, but mobile-first audiences are now learning about important events through what is trending on their social networks and notifications of breaking news flashing on their screens.

Broadcasting- Large audience

Narrowcasting – Small audience

10 Key Elements – Press

Populism– political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Paternalism– the policy or practice on the part of people in authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to or otherwise dependent on them in their supposed interest.

Frankfurt School– German school of social theory, guy believed free time should be used to better yourself instead of distracting/ entertaining yourself

• What was once unseen to many due to different geographical locations could now be witnessed by many people due to television
• Radio meant that people in other countries could hear other people/ cultures for the first time
• Also meant that issues that were once unseen by majority were brought into public sphere

Broadcasting and the theory of public service

• British broadcasting was started as a public service
• Growth of public broadcasting was financed by license fee and advertisements
• BBC created the image/idea that viewers became participants in their nations affairs

10 Key Elements of quality television:

• Professional, convincing acting
• Interesting characters with quality, interesting character development
• Good editing to keep flow of the production professional and easy to understand
• Good cinematography
• Good lighting
• Intriguing, well-written story and script
• Unpredictable and unique
• Memorable
• Emotional connection
• Captivating story line

Broadcasting and Narrowcasting

Broad – For everyone

Narrow – A niche target audience

BBC Charter

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for the BBC. It sets out the BBC’s Object, Mission and Public Purposes. The Charter also outlines the Corporation’s governance and regulatory arrangements, including the role and composition of the BBC Board.

• Was radio during early stages
• Made 1922
• First director: Lord John Reith – set and made its ethos
• He was an engineer
• The ethos had 3 main principals : Educate, Entertain, Inform

Ethos of the BBC

• “opening up new worlds to people” Cecil Lewis

Populism vs Paternalism

• Populism: Giving people what want and enjoy. Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.
• Paternalism: Giving the people something that other people believe is good for you. What people need.

Grace Wyndham Goldie

• Particularly in the fields of politics and current affairs. During her career at the BBC, she was one of the few senior women in an establishment dominated by men.
• Changing the nature of modern communication, essentially by transforming time and space

BBC became social cement, British culture was centered around the BBC

Habermas, transformation of the public sphere

The public sphere is a realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.

BBC was a realm for communication and was the first instance where the public was involved and included in political debate as well as being able to further educate and inform themselves and it being a source for free entertainment, allowed this massive transformation of the public sphere to occur. A shared knowledge of the world through advancements in technology and became social cement, inbedded in British culture.

• Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.
• Can be seen as an arena for public debate
• A new public engaged in critical political discussion

Jean Seaton PSB

• “depended on a set of linked and radical expansions”
• “the BBC creating an image of its audience as ‘participants’ in the great affairs of the nation…”

Broadcasting in Britain – Monopoly or Duopoly?

The BBC held a monopoly on television in Britain from its introduction until 1954 and on radio until 1972

• “Depends on an assumption of commitment to an undivided public good”

1977 Annan Report says:

“became a…. free market place in which balance could be achieved through the competition of multiplicity of independent voices.”

• Double think, according to George Orwell, illustrates peoples views on broadcasting at the time

Ownership Effects – James Curran & Jean Seaton

• “twin forces of creativity and business”
• profit driven motives take precedence”