‘Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.’

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action ( Realm of communication and is the reality of the world vs private realm.)

The emergence of an independent, market-based press, created a new public engaged in critical political discussion.

‘he argues, the public sphere came to be dominated by an expanded state and organised economic interests’

‘created a new public engaged in critical political thinking’

Curran and Seaton

‘View the market as an analogue of the electoral process’

‘The press is the people’s watchdog, scrutinizing the actions of the government and holding the country’s rulers to account’

‘Broadcasting institutions ultimately depend on the state for their legitimation’

‘watchdog role is said to override in importance all other functions of the media’