‘Habermas argues that the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate.’

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. 

the emergence of an independent, market-based press, created a new public engaged in critical political discussion.

bourgcois public sphere – a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opinion was formed and popular supervision of government was established.

the media ceased to be an agency of empowerment and rationality.. The media manipulated mass opinion instead of giving rational-critical debates.

The first newspaper was published in the 17th century with The purpose to inform the public .