(especially in the past) A person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.
Free:
Able to act or be done as one wishes; not under the control of another.
Authoritarian:
Favouring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
Libertarians:
Seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.
Key Questions
Focus
Specifics
Why Regulate?
– Truth – Protect children – Political bias – Privacy
Who Regulates what?
– The Government – Specialist bodies e.g., OFCOM – Individuals – Internal company/ structural regulations (code of ethics or practice) – Self regulation – Key individuals: Celebrities
How will regulation be put in place?
What gets regulated?
– Newspapers – Films – TV – Games – Books – Radio
Libertarianism – Libertarians seek freedom away from regulation and the government. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association – Wikipedia
authoritarianism – promoting the idea of strict centralised control
hedonism – the prioritizing of pleasure over other life values and is theorized to be independent of well-being
What did Epicurus believe about life?
To Epicurus the goal of living was to find happiness through friendship, living humbly and avoiding pain and anxiety. He believed very strongly that by living peacefully and avoiding fear and pain, we could live fully. To Epicurus, living a virtuous life and a peaceful life were one in the same. (friends, calm, do what you want to do.)
The Frankfurt School
Critically engaged with the manufacture of culture and the commodification of pleasure, for example, sameness in production and consumption of cultural experience. Technology allowed the public to sit passively before cultural content rather than actively engage with one another for entertainment, as they had in the past. The scholars theorized that this experience made people intellectually inactive and politically passive, as they allowed mass-produced ideologies and values to wash over them and infiltrate their consciousness.
Philosophers say that we should be wary of popular culture and it can be dangerous.
Permissive culture in the 1960s
Post WWII (approx. 1950’s – 1960’s) saw the rise of the a permissive society, also referred to as permissive culture, is a society in which some social norms become increasingly liberal, especially with regard to sexual freedom. This usually accompanies a change in what is considered deviant.
Rise of teenager culture, Introduction of the pill and sex without baby’s. Same sex decrimalised. Sex drugs rock’n’roll viewed as the ultimate freedom.
– to maintain the truth – protect others from explicit content – privacy – to prevent reputational damage/ libel/ slander – in terms of ownership to avoid monopolies etc -to prevent criminal activity – to maintain good working practice eg equal pay, job security ALSO – morals/ethics, subjective ‘good’ behaviour – to prevent political bias – to prevent extreme controversy
EG protect others from explicit content/to maintain the truth – banning of ‘Life of Brian’ in numerous countries EG privacy – Rooney vs Vardy EG reputational damage – Johnny Depp vs Amber Heard EG to avoid monopolies – Elon Musk buying twitter EG to maintain good working practice – Activision Blizzard’s $18m settlement over sexual harassment suit
what is regulated?
– newspapers – films – books – TV – radio
who regulates?
– the government – individuals – internal company/structural regulators (code of ethics) – self-regulation – key individuals eg celebrities and influencers SPECIALIST BODIES: – BBFC (cinema) – OfCom(broadcasting) – IPSO (newspapers) – PEGI (video games) – PRS + MCPS (music)
how are things regulated?
libertarianism – promoting ideas of freedom
authoritarianism – promoting the idea of strict centralised control
Epicurus – Hedonism
Greek philosopher who was a hedonist
hedonism is the philosophy of living you life to experience pleasure and avoid pain
he believed that small pleasures are more likely to bring us tranquillity than extreme pleasures as they are more difficult to obtain and are therefore more likely to result in pain
likely hood of experiencing more pain goes up as you become more exacting in what gives you pleasure
opened a school where they studied happiness
he concluded happiness comes from: non-sexual friendships, working either alone in small groups, and finding calm in own mind rather than tangible goods
The Frankfurt School
aimed to develop a psychological understanding of the problems thrown up by modern capitalism, especially the culture and mindset it creates
he blames this on the culture industry films, tv radio etc designed to keep us distracted and unable to understand ourselves and therefore without the will to alter political reality
drew attention to three significant ways capitalism corrupts and exploits people:
leisure time becomes toxic: culture industry influences people to spend their free time to relax and take off one’s mind, instead the time should be used to develop a better understanding of oneself – culture industry, films, tv radio etc, designed to keep us distracted and unable to understand ourselves and therefore without the will to alter political reality
capitalism doesn’t sell us things we actually need: the huge range of products available makes us believe everything we could possibly want is available, however the problem is many people cant afford such things – capitalism shields our real wants, luxury material goods etc, so we forget what we actually need, relationships, a home, food etc, and settle for manufactured desires without interest in true welfare EG adverts portray instances that we truly want in order to sell us something we don’t truly need
Essentially, Pleasure and culture gets commodified by superior bodies in order to provide, a false, happiness for the inferior bodies so that they can be happy
they argue that those in control of popular culture use it to control society and distract them from questioning the reality of the world around them
Permissive society 1960s
after WWII, there was more affluence and optimism amongst society and by the 1960s, young people had began to push for more social freedoms
The ‘Lady Chatterley’ Trial
the contraceptive pill available at NHS
The abortion act
The sexual offences act
The divorce reform act
Mary Whitehouse
conservative activist during 1960s who campaigned against social liberalism and the mainstream British media
she accused them of promoting a more permissive, promiscuous society
her motivation came from her traditional Christian values, which she believed social liberalism undermined
founded the National Viewers and Listeners association
Whitehouse’s campaigns continue to divide opinion. Her critics have accused her of being a highly censorious, bigoted figure, and her traditional moral convictions brought her into direct conflict with advocates of the sexual revolution, feminism, children’s rights and LGBT rights.
Others see her more positively and believe she was attempting to halt a decline in what they perceived as Britain’s moral standards
My political compass Economic Left/Right: -4.63 Social Libertarian/Authoritarian: -1.54
Truth Appropriate messaging Knowledge Public decency Control Child protection Political bias Privacy Health and safety Criminal activity Morals, ethics, relative (subjective) ‘good behaviour’ Ownership (to avoid monopolies, increase choice, diversity, competition) Libel/slander/defamation of character/reputational damage Specific/particular political opinions
Russia v Ukraine Rooney v Hardy Depp v Heard Elon Musk purchase of twitter Life of Brian banned in Jersey for bad behaviour China banned social media ACTI vision blizzard $18m settlement over sexual harassment suit
Who regulates what?
Specialist bodies e.g. Ofcom Individuals Government, ministers Self regulation Internal company/structural regulations (code of ethics/practice) Key individuals e.g. celebs, influencers BBFC (cinema) PEGI (video games) MCSPS (music) Ofcom (broadcasting) IPSO (newspapers) PRS (performing rights, music) Independent bodies Groups
How will regulation be put in place?
Rating system Copyright
What gets regulated?
Newspapers Films TV Games Radio Books The News Cartoons/animations Internet Music
Libertarian: Libertarians are classical liberals who strongly emphasize the individual right to liberty.
Authoritarism: the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom for example Adolph Hitler, Stalin.
Hedonism: The word ‘hedonism’ is a derivative from the ancient Greek for ‘pleasure’. Psychological or motivational hedonism says that only pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth.
The Greek philosopher Epicurus was a hedonist. He writes that there is pleasure in simple things such as mindfulness, friendship and enjoyment of simple things at work, which is more likely to bring one tranquillity rather than extreme pleasures which are harder to achieve and .
He opened a school which studied happiness.
The Frankfurt School
Pleasure gets commodified into pop culture, which is sold as false happiness.
Theodore Arno said that popular culture and consumerism is not what makes us really happy but it is
Permissive society in the 1960s, the rise of the teenager
Birth control, abortions in the 1960s was legalised.
Page 1-14. Lack of racial diversity, features mainly white people when the theme was about togetherness and the support of one another.
Nationalism/patriotism
Page 6 ‘…Final parade was so British’. Page 10 ‘How the nation came together to put on a right royal spread’, exclusive as the whole nation would not be participating to help with the Jubilee.
Regulation
One-party state
Page 2 suggests the UK is a one party state ‘no alternative’, ‘we are strongest when united’ this shows a very authoritarian perspective.
Commodification
Democracy
Right wing/left wing
Page 2 ‘Tory MPs last night were plotting a course for disaster by seeking to remove Boris Johnson as prime minister’, implying Boris is the best and superior to other PM candidates, as part of the right-wing, Tory party.
Authortarism/libertarianism
Page 18. ‘Boris Johnson by a country mile is the best Prime Minister to lead the Tory government’.
Pro-tory
Page 18. ‘Boris Johnson by a country mile is the best Prime Minister to lead the Tory government’ represents an attitude that the only way is for the Tories to win for the country to be run well. Patriotic too with the use of the metaphor – ‘by a country mile’, meaning England.
Class
Page 14 Prince Charles united the UK. Represents the Royals as superior to others in society.
Fusion between entertainment/news
Page 9. Prince Louis sticks his tongue out at his mum. Patriotic. Right wing. Authoritarian.
-Truth -Child protection -Political bias -Privacy -Human morals and ethics -Relative/subjective “good behaviour” -Specific/particular political opinions -Deformation/slander/libel/reputational damage -Ownership to avoid monopoly -Good working practices
-Johnny Depp V Amber Heard case (Libel/Slander) -Rooney v Vardy (Privacy) -Elon Musk buying Twitter (Ownership) -Life of Brian (Good behaviour) -China banning social media/1 hour limit on it -Activision Blizzard’s court case (good working practices)
– Truth – Child protection – Political bias – To abide by law – Criminal activity – Health and safety – Ownership – Privacy – Slander – Reputation – Morals/Ethics
– War in Ukraine – COVID – Johnny Depp VS Amber Heard Court trial – Elon Musk buying out twitter – Power of status
Who regulates what?
– Government – Individuals – Specialist bodies (eg. Ofcom) – Internal regulation within companies (Code of Conduct, HR) – Self regulation – Key individuals (eg. celebrities, influencers, opinion leaders)
– IPSO (Newspaper and Magazine ) – ITU (Radio) – Ofcom (Complaints for broadcasting) – BBDC (Cinema) – PEGI (Video games/ Games in general) – PRS (Music)
How will regulation be put in place?
– Privacy – Data protection – Copyright
What gets regulated?
– Radio – Newspaper – TV/Film – Games – Magazine – Social Media – The News – The internet – Books
Libertarianism = The idea of being free from control and regulation. The freedom of expression without being told what to do by authority.
Authoritarianism = Society in which people are oppressed by the state and are told what to do/ regulated.
Epicurus
3 ways of finding happiness: Friends, Family and an analysed life.
He studied happiness and revealed that money isn’t a way to finding happiness
Hedonism = The word is derived from the Greek ‘hedone’ (“pleasure”). The idea that human behaviour seeks increase of pleasure and a decrease of pain, pleasure should be the ultimate goal.
The Frankfurt School
The Frankfurt School was a school of social theory and critical philosophy associated with the Institute for Social Research, at Goethe University Frankfurt in 1929.
Key Ideas, they theorized that …
Pleasure was commodified in the media and in popular culture. The idea that the media sells a perfect idea that money can buy happiness.
Mary Whitehouse and Media Watch UK
Mary Whitehouse (1910-2001) was a British school teacher who left her job to become a conservative activist
She campaigned for less social liberalism and against the British media which she thought promoted a ‘permissive society’ in the 1960’s. She was against the society of the time which saw the rise in the civil rights and gay rights movements, 2nd wave feminism and the right to contraception and abortion.
She based her ideas of off traditional Christian teachings
Founded the ‘National Viewer’s And Listener’s Association’ (now known as Media Watch UK).
As the president of the group, she used the organization as a way to criticize the BBC for their portrayals of sex, violence and use of bad language.
Different MEDIA FORMS have different MEDIA LANGUAGES as an introduction it is worth looking overall at what constitutes the LANGUAGE OF MOVING IMAGE – in other words, key terminology – which also suggests that there is a GRAMMAR or CONVENTION or set of rules
SPACE – SIZE – SCALE – ANGLE
Angle = High angle / Low angle / bulls-eye / birds eye / canted angle Space = Tracking / Panning / Craning / Tilting / Hand held / Steadicam Size/ Scale = Establishing Shot / Long Shot / Medium Shot / Close-up / Big Close-Up / Extreme Close Up
The Edit
without any footage, there is nothing to edit.
Moving image products are constructed around the concept of putting things together (stitching pieces together to create narrative). This idea of sewing / stitching the audience into the text was developed by theoreticians of the “Screen theory”.
THE CAMERA
The most important tool in a camera is the focus and depth of field (ie how much is in focus). The focus is used to direct and prioritise elements in a shot and therefore prioritise certain information.
The use of sequential editing (editing one clip to another) allows for a number of key concepts to be produced:
parallel editing: two events editing together
flashback / flash-forward – allowing time to shift
Montage
Editing is the process of putting one element / idea next to another. It was first conceptually theorised as the Kuleshov effect, in that adding one element / idea to another actually produces a third idea / element, which if constructed well can produce in the audience an idea that isn’t actually present.
Invisible Editing / Continuity Editing
Continuity editing can be seen as the opposite of montage editing as the main aim is to create a sense of realism or ‘believability’ known as verisimilitude and has it’s own structure of rules where shots are edited together at particular times or on particular shots.
match on action
eye-line match
graphic match
sound bridge
30′ rule
180′ rule
hot progression
Conventional shot progression – to create VERISIMILITUDE (ie realism, believability) usually involves the following shots (although not always in the same order).
establishing shot / ES, moving to
wide shot / WS,
to medium shot / MS,
to close up / CU,
to big close up / BCU;
and then back out again
Shot / Reverse Shot
The Shot / Reverse Shot a really good starting point for students to both think about and produce moving image products. The basic sequence runs from a wide angle master shot that is at a 90′ angle to (usually) two characters. This sets up the visual space and allows the film-maker to to then shoot separate close-ups, that if connected through an eye-line match are able to give the impression that they are opposite each other talking. The shots are usually over the shoulder.
For my cross- media production I intend to create a horror piece. My sequences will show short snippets of the film, which are ominous and attract audiences. I think choosing a horror theme for my movie, allows audiences to feel tense, wanting to seek truth and an ending, in order to feel a sense of comfort. The movie itself tells the story of a young school girl who vanishes when leaving her study session with her two classmates. Unaware of her disappearance, her classmates continue their studying into the night. Strange sounds and movements outside attract their attention and leave them to find their friends school books, sprawled on the tarmac outside. They run back inside, unaware that might have been their last chance to leave. The website provides audience with insight into my movie. They can gain information about the movie before/after watching it. I have added images and cast description as well as the sites you can access the movie. I intend to make my website attractive and have easy access features.
(especially in the past) A person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.
Free:
Able to act or be done as one wishes; not under the control of another.
Authoritarian:
Favouring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
Libertarians:
Seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.
Hedonism:
Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that human behaviour is determined by desires to increase pleasure and to decrease pain.
Frankfurt school:
Pleasure gets commodified into popular culture and products which people buy to make them believe it will make them happier, however its only making the rich richer, and poor poorer.
Key question
Focus
Specifics
Why Regulate?
Truth, protection of minors, political bias, privacy, ethics, morals, good behaviour, Slander, Defamation, reputation, Libel, monopolies
Depp V Heard Rooney V Vardy, Elon Musk
Who regulates what?
-The government, -specialist bodies, -individuals, -internal company regulation, -social media influencers & celebs etc
-Blocking media -Stopping things from getting released -Sensitivity boundaries -Word limits -Firing or removing individuals with different opinions from companies -Controversial words
Instagram admins, Twitter admins, News companies, Government, Film studios, copywrite, PEGI rating, Website HTML secure, E for explicit, VEVO
What gets regulated?
Film Advertising Television Music Video Games Internet Books Newspapers Radio The News Magazines Cartoons / animations
Marvel, BBC, Netflix, China internet 1hr ban, China firewall, Netflix “cuties” banned, Activision sexual assault within workplace
