key question	focus	Specifics
Why Regulate?	protection of vulnerable people morals, ethics, relative / subjective ‘good’ behaviour health and safety good working practices (eg equal pay, job security etc) Ownership (to avoid monopolies, increase choice, diversity, competition) privacy criminal activity libel slander defamation of character reputational damage specific particular political opinions	Rooney v Vardy Depp v Heard Life of Brain Activision Blizzard’s $18m settlement over sexual harassment suit Elon Musk purchase of Twitter
What gets regulated?	Films Adverts Television Music Video Games The Internet Books Newspapers Radio The News Magazines Cartoons / animations music videos
How will regulation be put in place?	copyright rating system
Who regulates what?	Government BBFC (cinema) Ofcom (broadcasting, Radio and TV) IPSO (newspapers, magazines) MCPS (music) PRS (music, songwriters, composers ) PEGI (games) Individuals

libertarian definition: Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.

authorization definition: Authorization is the function of specifying access rights/privileges to resources, which is related to general information security and computer security, and to access control in particular.

The Frankfurt school: Group of researchers associated with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, who applied Marxism to a radical interdisciplinary social theory. The Institute for Social Research was founded by Carl Grünberg in 1923 as an adjunct of the University of Frankfurt; it was the first Marxist-oriented research centre affiliated with a major German university. Max Horkheimer took over as director in 1930 and recruited many talented theorists, including T.W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and Walter Benjamin.

The members of the Frankfurt School tried to develop a theory of society that was based on Marxism and Hegelian philosophy but which also utilized the insights of psychoanalysis, sociology, existential philosophy, and other disciplines. They used basic Marxist concepts to analyze the social relations within capitalist economic systems. This approach, which became known as “critical theory,” yielded influential critiques of large corporations and monopolies, the role of technology, the industrialization of culture, and the decline of the individual within capitalist society. Fascism and authoritarianism were also prominent subjects of study. Much of this research was published in the institute’s journal.

Key question	Focus	Specifics
Why do we regulate?	Protection of children, avoid exposure to explicit content, health and safety, criminal activity, good for business (good working practises),Privacy	Rooney v Vardy Libel / slander / deformation of character (Depp vs heard)
What gets regulated?	Films, Tv shows, advertisements, video games, music, radio, social media, internet, books and newspapers, the news, magazines, cartoons, safety. Relative subjective behavior.	Blinded by the light regulated by the BBFC. Control over the sale of tobacco. Regulation of airbags installed in cars.
Who regulates what?	BBFC- national regulation of content through film. Government- overall. Ofcom- regulation of content in broadcasting. IPSO- regulates newpapers mpcs- music prs- music PEGI- games
How will regulation take place?	Copy right rating system Age rating

libertarianism is the idea of political freedom, and freedom of choice and individualism.

Authoritarianism is a society controlled by regulation and has strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom, almost like a dictatorship.

	Focus	Specifics
Why regulate?	Protection of children, for criminal activity, health and safety, Privacy, libel / slander / defamation of character, morals, ethics, relative / subjective good behaviour.	Jonny Depp and amber heard case, domestic violence, Rooney vs Vardy,
What gets regulated?	newspapers, video game, animations/cartoons, music, internet, books, magazines, radio, The news, Advertising, Film.	BBC, ITV, Marvel films, call of duty video game.
Who regulates what ?	Government (overall?), BBFC, Ofcom, Individuals,	The Independent Press Standards Organisation, regulates the newspapers.  Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) regulates advertising.

key question	focus	specifics
Why regulate?	-truth -child protection -political bias -privacy -morals -ethics -defamtion,slander,reputation damage -ownership to avoid monopolies (increase choice and diversity-competion)	– Depp vs Heard – Elon Musk and Twitter purchase – China banning social media
What gets regulated?	-newspapers -films -genres -tv shows -radio – video games – News – Advertising – Books
Who regulates what?	-government -specialist bodies -individuals -internal company structural regulations -self regulation -influencers – groups – Offcom (broadcasting)

Libetarianism-

1. a political philosophy that advocates only minimal state intervention in the free market and the private lives of citizens.

Authoratarianism-

1. the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
   • lack of concern for the wishes or opinions of others.

Libertarianism – a set of public view points in what they should be allowed to perform freely.

Authoritarianism – The government laws which control your limit of freedom.

Hedonism – peruse pleasure, an insight to being free (pleasure) to much pleasure can cause harm.

Epicurus – It is about how you can’t find yourself if you don’t find it through others, although you need to also have time to reflect on yourself to be who you are. It is also about luxuries and how you can earn a lot of stuff when you go through it.

The FrankFurt school

Key question	Focus	Specifics
Why regulate?	accountable self-regulation is good for business, Social media platforms need to take more responsibility for their impact on the world. e.g. Pay, you need job security, owner ship To avoid monopoly to have choice, such as cinema relative subjective behaviour	liable, slander and deformation of character – Johnny Depp and Amber Heard case
What gets regulated?	Films, Adverts, Radios, Music, Video Games, Internet, Books, Animation/Cartoons, Newspapers, The news, Magazines
Who regulates what?	The government regulates the BBC (overall).BBFC runs the cinema’s. (ASA, advertising standards authority) Radio, Television, Internet, social media. (IPSO, independent press standards organisation) regulate a voluntary membership of over 1500 print (newspapers and magazines). Ofcom, broadcasting
How will regulation be put in place?	They exist to protect freedom of expression and media freedom and regulate media markets, ownership, infrastructure and technical standards and, importantly, protect public interests such as media pluralism and diversity.

Libertinism – Where people believe in freedom at the expense of structure.
Authoritarianism – Where people believe in structure at the expense of freedom.
Hedonism – Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Exchanging please for pain if that pleasure isn’t easily accessible then that pain will be greater.
Epicurism talks about happiness and is made up of 3 key factors, the first being that you should strive away from sexual fantasies, the next being that you should all live together with your friends and the third being that you should not spoil yourself with luxuries and find small jobs to do with other people.
The Frankfurt school – A school which Theodor Adorno participated in where he was forced to move out of Germany due to the war happening at the time 1930 – 1960 and moved to America where he studied

	Focus	Specifics
Why regulate?	protection of children criminal activity health and safety good working practices privacy libel / slander / defamation of character Ethics, Morals and Code of Conduct	Rooney v Vardy, Depp v Heard
What gets regulated?	Film Advertising Television Music Video Games Internet Books Newspapers Radio The News Magazines Cartoons / animations	BBC, Instagram, Facebook, the Independent Press Standards Organisation (Newspaper regulation),
Who regulates what?	Government (overall ?) BBFC (cinema) Ofcom Individuals (?) Groups (?) Bodies (?)	Ofcom is the regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries. Mechanical Copyright Protection Society (MCPS) – they oversee the collection of royalties for album and single sales, both in physical formats and digital downloads and pay these to the bands and artists. PEGI (regulates games)
How will regulation be put in place?	copyright rating system	Performing Rights Society (PRS) – a society of songwriters, composers and music publishers. (music) Classifications currently in use are Uc, U, PG, 12, 12A, 15, 18 and R18 (BBFC)

libertarianism- a political philosophy that advocates only minimal state intervention in the free market and the private lives of citizens

authoritarianism- the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

hedonism: ‘ comes from the ancient Greek for ‘pleasure’. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that only pleasure or pain motivates us.  an ethical theory suggesting the pursuit of pleasure should be the ultimate goal. 

simpler forms of pleasure are easier to get and so trying to find more pleasure can lead to pain whilst trying to get there.

epicureanism- its like fun communism, how important relationships are and that you don’t need luxuries in life to be happy.

The Frankfurt school:

leisure time becomes toxic

capitalism doesn’t actually sell us the things we need

permissive society: more liberal and a change in values

mary whitehouse:  She campaigned against social liberalism and the mainstream British media, both of which she accused of encouraging a more permissive society.

key question	focus	specifics
why regulate?	-protection of children -for criminal activity -health and safety -good working practices e.g pay, equal pay. – job security -privacy – liable/ slander/ deformation of character – shares in a company – to avoid monopoly’s increase plurality. – morals and ethics relative, subjective behaviour	– Rooney vs Vardy – Depp vs Heard
what gets regulated?	– film -advertising -tv -music -video games – internet -books/newspapers – kids programmes -radio -news -magazines	-news programmes
who regulates what?	-BBFC (British board of film classification) -Ofcom – individuals – groups – bodies -copyright -age rating -IPSO ( newspapers) -PRS(music) PEGI(games)	-producers
how is regulation put in place?	-watershed in the Uk -copyright -age rating	nothing inappropriate for children can be shown on UK TV before 9pm or after 5:30

Libertarianism – Libertarianism is a view in politics and philosophy that focuses on liberty. Libertarianism says that it is usually better to give people more free choice. It also says that the government should have less control over people. There are different kinds of libertarianism in both left-wing and right-wing politics.

Authoritarian – authoritarianism, principle of blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of thought and action. In government, authoritarianism denotes any political system that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people.

Key Question	Focus	Specific
Why do we regulate?	Protection, Health and safety, Good working practices, Privacy, Liable slander deformation of character	Crime, Protection of children, Rooney vs Vardy, Johnny Depp vs Amber Heard, Job security, Equal pay
What gets regulated?	Films, Advertising, T.V, Music, Video games, Internet, Books (News Papers), Kids program, Radio, The news	Blinded by the light by the BBFC, Regulation of air bags stored in cars
Who regulates what?	Government, BBFC (Cinema), OFCOM (regulation of broadcasting), Individuals. IPSO (regulates newspapers) MPCS (music) PRS (music) PEGI (games)
How will regulation take place?	Copy right, Rating system, Age rating, Explicit (songs)

A ‘permissive society’ is one in which liberal behaviour becomes more accepted – particularly with regard to sexual freedoms. 

Libertarianism – Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s violation of individual liberties; emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association.

Authoritarianism – the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

Hedonism – the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence.

Epicureanism – the ideology that happiness is more important than luxury.

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

– Leisure time becomes toxic
– Capitalism doesn’t sell us the things we really need

Permissive Society – a society in which liberal behaviour becomes more accepted – particularly with regard to sexual freedoms. One of the most famous examples is that of 1960s Britain, where being ‘deviant’ gained new meaning.

Mary Whitehouse

Mary Whitehouse was a British teacher and conservative activist.
She was the founder and first president of the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, through which she led a longstanding campaign against the BBC.
A hard-line social conservative, she was termed a reactionary by her socially liberal opponents.

Mediawatch-UK

a pressure group in the United Kingdom, formerly known as the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, which campaigned against the publication and broadcast of media content.