Haesmondhalgh said that the media business is a precarious business.

Public Service Broadcasting

what is it?

It involves radio, television and other forms of media who aim to serve the public. Most of the time, their funding comes from the government. Public Service Broadcasting channels include Channel 3 services, Channel 4, Channel 5 and the BBC. It is important as it is a program that reflects the wider society, ensuring diversity and inclusivity. The BBC’s ethos is to inform, educate and entertain. (capital and deuchland 83).

Capital is made by the BBC however, each episode has to be bought from amazon prime and is not available on BBC iPlayer due to the fact that they are working with other companies in the production of Capital.

Another problem with the BBC is the accessibility of it, elderly, young, poor people may struggle with it.

Are the BBC and C4 unique examples of PSB?

While all BBC public service television channels are PSB channels, only the main channels of each of the other public service broadcasters have this status.

What’s good about it?

Broadcasting is a very powerful medium which can change public opinion on a whole range of issues. It can motivate us to take action to improve our lives and the world around us – from issues such as climate change and plastic pollution to health and social issues such as mental health and homelessness

What is the criticism of it?

Capital is made by the BBC however, each episode has to be bought from amazon prime and is not available on BBC iPlayer due to the fact that they are working with other companies in the production of Capital. Another problem with the BBC is the accessibility of it, elderly, young, poor people may struggle with it. How is it organised – ie control and regulation?

How is it organised – ie control and regulation?

What has it got to do with your TV CSP’s?

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries? Show your understanding of PSB in your response.

There’s both similarities and differences in culture industry’s and other industries. For example, with culture industries and other industries the similarity is that they both set out to make money and earn money back from the product that they release. Another similarity is that they both get made and produced and released to the public. However the differences are that some industries are necessary and are needed as with culture industries they aren’t needed and you can survive without them however some industries are more important. Another difference is that there is more freedom with the culture industries as however with other industries there isn’t as much freedom.

play a pivotal role in organizing images and discourses through which people make sense of the world.

MEDIA AS A COMMODITY v MEDIA AS A PUBLIC GOOD

Characteristics of the Public Sphere

Benefits of the Public Service Media

Benefits of Commercial Media How does your TV example fit into this table?

the benefits of commercial media are that if they are commercial they are free.

public service broadcasting

1. what is it?

What refers to a public service broadcaster? Public service broadcasting consists of television and radio programmes supplied by an official or government organization, rather than by a commercial company.

inform entertainment education

2. are the BBC and the c4 unique examples of PSB

3. what is good about it

no ads

critical of government

diverse

4. What’s the criticism of the BBC

have to pay for it

is it really truthful, unbiased?

What’s the difference between culture industries and other industries?

• Culture industries supply people with the information they need to know to go on with life, like the news and weather. The weather tells them how to dress, what transport to take, and the news tells them if its safe to go outside, or if the world is at war, or if a road is closed.
• However culture industries are also similar to other industries in the way that they need staff, a team, roles and a plan to work by, as well as this they are both designed in the manor to make the staff money instead of being entertainment or helpful to anyone, at the end of the day its just a job. –
• The main difference is that people need the culture industries to be in the loop with life and know what’s going on, however they don’t need to buy dinner at a restaurant or drive on a new tarmac road.
• Culture industries can use wider and more creative ideas and productions whereas industries are normally known for what they do and if they change its seen as strange.
• Culture industries play a pivotal role of making sense of the world.

-Public service guarantees a good, reliable program with no ad interruption breaks

-However public service requires a payment of £100 a year, which some people might see us unfair or ridiculous.

-Capitalist media can have freedom of speech and make anything they like which can supply a small amount of viewers with entertainment, however not every one

-Public service media is determined and influenced by the government and what they want the public to hear.

Public service Broadcastings:

-What is it?

A public television channel that is funded by TV license fee’s from the government. The PSB is trusted and meant to create quality broadcastings and quality content, it is watched by the government and has to live up to the expectations, the expectations being “inform, educate and entertain” – Lord Reith (the first general director of PSB’s). They do not use ads to make money, providing a better experience to viewers.

-Whats good about the PBS?

No adverts, its diverse and has multiple options, its free to everyone, has music. news and entertainment, although it influenced by the government, they are not afraid to sometimes speak out about the government.

-Whats bad about the PBS?

Paid for, not diverse enough, has bias most of the time in it as it is as its influenced by the government.

-How is it organised? Control and Regulation

it is influenced by the government and paid for by the public using tax’s like a TV license. Channel 4 makes money through ads but is a PBS, it is diverse and is meant to entertain and make media that is directed towards a small group of people rather than a large group of people like the BBC are targeted towards,

Curran and Seaton:

Speak mostly on how media and PBS is too influenced by the government, however since it was first developed it was worse and it has come a long way since then, they speak on how it needs to become more separate rather than slightly influenced.

other industries such as construction for example aren’t purposefully looking to make money where cultural industries like music and television mainly focus on the money making but also for entertainment purposes. Construction is a necessity as it is needed for people to live in homes.

‘Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world’ -Peter Golding, Graham Murdock

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

• Cultural industries is usually for entertainment and making money and other industries (e.g Greggs) is mainly aimed on making money.
• Cultural industries refers to the various businesses that produce, distribute, market or sell products that belong categorically in creative arts. Products such as clothing, books, movies, television, music.
• In the cultural industries there is a lot of freedom for what you can create or produce, however in industries such as, Greggs, they don’t have much choice at what to produce or sell.
• The media culture plays a big part in organizing the way people make sense of the world and the way people understand what is going on in the world.

Public Service Broadcasting:

1. What is it? Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Inform, educate, entertain

Channel 4 Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholder. So it is public and private owned (Mixed Model)

What’s good about BBC? Almost free, easy to access, wide variety of programs, not overly commercial.

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries? [Hesmondhalgh]

Culture industries such as tarmacking the road is an essential thing. It is a necessity in life, however, in the other industries such as media, its purely for entertainment purposes.

Other industries is limited on what you are able to do (same sausage rolls/tarmacking) whereas culture industries are versatile, you can do many things with it to entertain/satisfy the intended audience.

Media industries are a risky business (Hesmondhalgh), you don’t know how people will react, but the other industries (greggs) if you sell a specific unit one day, you can predict what you will sell the next day based of previous data.

Both industries are very profitable/focus on money to survive.

‘Pivotal for the way we make sense of the world’- Golding and Murdock.

Industries

Transnational Media– Media that is accessible to multiple nations, not just one. EG- Netflix/Amazon Prime etc

Commercial Media- Privately owned, audiences don’t pay (adverts). EG- ITV

Structure: Patterns of ownership

NO OFFENCE

• Production: (Abbott Production/Abbott Vision. Same company that made Shameless. Is a horizontal integration
• Distribution (Vertical merger/integration- saves money)
• Consumption (Channel 4, vertical integration)

• Regulation of Ownership (Don’t allow monopolies)

Types of ownership [State/public ownership-BBC, commercial/private ownership-ITV, community-Hautlieu Radio]​

Channel 4- mixed model/owned by government with adverts​

Hesmondhalgh

‘Media is a risky business’

Public Service Broadcasting

What is it?

• A broadcasting/media outlet (BBC, Channel 4) that has a main purpose of public service. This is usually funded by the government. It allows diversity in the media, and allows people to understand more things in their nation to an extent. It benefits the public.
• Inform, educate, entertain.

BBC:

• An ‘arms length’ away from government
• It is critical of the government

Horizontal Integration = When a conglomerate acquires media companies of the same media type.

Vertical Integration = Ownerships that allow a media company to produce and distribute products.

Key Theorists:

• Curran and Seaton- ‘Ownership of media industries’
• Hesmondhalgh- ‘Media is a risky business’
• Livingstone and Lunt- ‘Regulation’

Curran and Seaton:

• ‘The media is controlled by a small number of companies that make products to create profit’

• ‘The business function of the media industry takes precedence over its creative/public service capacities’

• ‘PSB provides impartial news, serves minority audiences and champions national unity by offering inclusive rather than exclusive content.’

Media Ownership

Characteristics of the public sphere

Benefits

Livingstone and Lunt: