Barthes

Signifiers and signified. Denotation and connotations. Barthes five code symphony: hermeneutic code (enigmas)- construct moments of mystery, proairetic code (actions)- meaning is conveyed through action which provides explanation or excitement, semantic code (connotative elements) any element that produces a single connotative effect eg. lighting/ mise-en-scene. Media as a myth, naturalizes events.

Strauss

Binary oppositions of polarised themes eg. character, narrative, stylistic and genre-driven oppositions. Function of oppositions eg. create identifiable character types or clearly explain ideas.

Propp

8 stock characters; hero, villain, princess, donor, helper, dispatcher, false hero.

Todorov

Media narratives are created using moments of action (propositions). 3 act narrative of equilibrium, disruption and new equilibrium.

Neale

Genre repetition and difference. Sub-genres and hybrid genres. Levels of verisimilitude (extent product references to the real world,narrative similarities, character-driven motifs and audience targeting are important to repetition. Repertoire of elements and predictable expectations.

Hall

There isn’t a true representation of people or events in a text, but there are lots of ways these can be represented. Culture is defined as a space of interpretative struggle

Curran and Seaton

most films are made by conglomerates and that they care mostly about profit and power. This can be done through things such as vertical and horizontal integration, this can result in a lack of diversity and innovation. If we had more of a variety of media companies, we’d have more of a variety of better quality media texts.

Butler

Gender as performative it is created through a series of actions. Gender is not an attribution of male or female.

Katz & Gurevitch & Hass

Uses and gratifications- surveillance, identity, personal relationships and diversion

Livingstone and lunt

Regulation of films- the principle function of the independent bodies that regulate the UK’s media is to protect children and other vulnerable groups from the harmful affects of media content.

Chatman

Use of satellites to develop character, emotion, location, time

Lazarfeld

Two step flow of communication, active consumers, receive information from opinion leaders

Lasswell

Hypodermic needle theory- media propaganda performs three social functions: surveillance, correlation, transmission. Lasswell believed the media could impact what viewers believed about the information presented. Audience are passive consumers.