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key terms – mock

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  1. Cultural industries  = The various businesses that produce, distribute, market or sell products that belong categorically in creative arts
  2. Production =
  3. Distribution = The act of promoting content online audiences in multiple media formats through various channels
  4. Exhibition / Consumption =
  5. Media concentration = Is the ownership of the mass media by fewer individuals
  6. Conglomerates =
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
  8. Cultural imperialism
  9. Vertical Integration
  10. Horizontal Integration
  11. Mergers
  12. Monopolies
  13. Gatekeepers
  14. Regulation
  15. Deregulation
  16. Free market
  17. Commodification  
  18. Convergence  
  19. Diversity   
  20. Innovation  

TV Purposes

  1. Information / education
  2. Empathy and Identity
  3. Social interaction
  4. Entertainment
  5. Escapism

Katz, Gurevitch & Haas (1973)

A) Personal needs

  • 1. Understanding self
  • 2. Enjoyment
  • 3. Escapism

B) Social needs

  • Knowledge about the world
  • Self confidence, stability, self – esteem
  • Strengthen connections with family
  • Strengthen connection with friends

Three types of media ownership

Capitalist media: Corporations content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making

Public service media: State-related institutions, content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning – making

Civil society media: Citizen – control, content that addresses humans in various social roles and result in meaning – making

It can be therefore difficult for public and civil society to exist in capitalism.

Components of Laswell’s model

WHO ———–> SENDER

SAYS WHAT ————> MESSAGE

CHANNEL —————————> MEDIUM

TO WHOM ————————————-> RECIEVER

WITH WHAT EFFECT ————————————–> FEEDBACK

David hesmondhalgh

Cultural industries – The media industry is a risky business

media businesses are reliant upon changing audience tastes continuously adapt making it incredibly difficult to produce material that guarantees satisfaction

products need the oxygen of publicity if they are to thrive , but controlling the messages delivered by reviewers or publicity partners of other companies is very difficult – even if such organisations are owned by the same parent company as the producer

media products have limited consumption capacity, unlike other businesses, films, television and music-based products to be consumed as ‘one off’ purchases. the ‘one off’ nature of production means that the huge sums of cash invested to create media products results in a one-time reward

Horizontal integration: acquiring media companies that operate in similar sectors enables large-scale institutions to achieve scale- based cost savings , while also allowing them to maximise profits by positioning brands so they don’t compete with one other

vertical integration

Audience

Audience Theories – Exam Prep

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“Hypodermic Needle” Theory:

After the end of WWII, social science researchers began to investigate the way in which communication, and political communication, was used to spread propaganda. The number of TV licences shot up from 763,000 in 1951 to 3.2 million in 1954.

Harold Lasswell developed a theoretical tool of ‘content analysis’ which explores the effects of media consumption. In 1927 he wrote a book called Propaganda Technique in the World War which highlighted ‘subtle poison, which industrious men injected into the veins of a staggering people until the smashing powers . . . knocked them into submission’ As Martin Moore notes, Lasswell, as a behavioural scientist researching areas connected with political communication and propaganda, believed each government had ‘manipulated the mass media in order to justify its actions’ in World War 1 (2019:122). 

Quotations: Propaganda Technique in the World War

  • “A means is anything that the propagandist can manipulate; a condition is anything to which he must adapt”
  • “The achievements of propaganda are affected by the traditional prejudices of the nation and of each constituent group.”

In 1948 he developed the ‘Linear model of communication’ that breaks down the line of communication.

which goes: SENDER —> MESSAGE —> MEDIUM —> RECIEVER —> FEEDBACK

However, what has been intended and what has been received could be completely different. This was adapted by Shannon and Weaver in 1949 which included other elements, such as NOISE ERROR, ENCODING and FEEDBACK. This highlights the process of sending and receiving a message is NOT clear-cut, predictable or reliable and is dependent on a range of other factors that need to be taken into consideration. 

Two Step Flow of Communication (active consumption)

In 1948 Paul Lazerfeld developed the ‘two step flow‘ model of communication which talked about how mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, whilst also going through Shannon and Weavers elements, he identified that message are also passed through opinion leaders (celebrities, influencers) who interpret the message first and then relay it to the audience, in hopes that the audience would have grown due to fan culture. Examples of this are: going to see a mobie just because you lobe the actor playing the main role. Buying a certain brand/cosmetic because your favourite celebrity ‘uses’ it. As Martin Moore suggests, ‘people’s political views are not, as contemporaries thought, much changed by what they read or heard in the media. Voters were far more influenced by their friends, their families and their colleagues’ This suggests that the audience are ACTIVE (audience consumption is based on consideration of what others think) AND NOT PASSIVE

Uses and Gratifications (active selection)

The distinction in this approach is rather than categorising the audience as passive consumers of messages, either directly from source, or from opinion leaders, this theory recognises the decision making process of the audience themselves. Elihu Katz developed the theory of uses and gratifications which is different to the other theories. In essence, individuals sought particular pleasures, uses and gratifications from individual media texts, which can be categorised as:

  1. information / education
  2. empathy and identity
  3. social interaction
  4. entertainment
  5. escapism

Or categorised as: diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance.

Personal needs:

  1. understanding self
  2. enjoyment
  3. escapism

Social needs:

  1. knowledge about the world
  2. self confidence/esteem and stability
  3. strengthen connections with friends/family
Exam Prep, Notes

Notes for essay

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  1. Cultural industries  
  2. Production
  3. Distribution
  4. Exhibition / Consumption
  5. Media concentration
  6. Conglomerates
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
  8. Cultural imperialism
  9. Vertical Integration
  10. Horizontal Integration
  11. Mergers
  12. Monopolies
  13. Gatekeepers – A PSB can gatekeep what information and news get’s filtered through. Meaning they decide what media get’s consumed meaning they are able to control public ideas. BBC for example get to decide what info passes through and they have control over info and decide what the public get to know.
  14. Regulation
  15. Deregulation
  16. Free market
  17. Commodification  
  18. Convergence  
  19. Diversity   
  20. Innovation  
  • No offence is on All 4 meaning it is provided publicly through PSB meaning it is easily accessed, freely, by the public.
  • It is an original made through the UK, made and produced in London and features female protagonists, it has something for everyone
  1. David Hesmondhalgh – Who are they?

is among a range of academics who critically analyse the relationship between media work and the media industry. In his seminal book, The Culture Industries (Sage, 2019) he suggest that:

the distinctive organisational form of the cultural industries has considerable implications for the conditions under which symbolic creativity is carried out’

The Culture Industries (Sage, 2019, p.99)

2. Curran and Seaton. – Who are they?

3. Livingstone & Lunt – Who are they?

Pages: 1 2 3
Audience, Notes

audience notes

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Development of the Two Step Flow model of communication, which took account of the way in which mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, but while also subject to noise, error, feedback etc, they are also filtered through opinion leaders, those who interpret media messages first and then relay them back to a bigger audience.

Think for example, of the role of the journalist or broadcaster whose job it is to inform the public. Think further about the role of key individuals in society, teachers, doctors, trade union leaders, your boss at work, parents, friends and family all of whom are capable of exerting an influence on the process of communication, making it subject to bias, interpretation, rejection, amplification, support and change.

Uses and Gratifications (active selection)

The distinction is this approach is rather than categorising the audience as passive consumers of messages, either directly from source, or from opinion leaders, this theory recognises the decision making process of the audience themselves. As Elihu Katz explains the Uses and Gratifications theory diverges from other media effect theories that question: what does media do to people?, to focus on: what do people do with media?

In essence, they put forward research to show that individual audience members are more active than had previously been thought and were actually key to the processes of selection, interpretation and feedback. In essence, individuals sought particular pleasures, uses and gratifications from individual media texts, which can be categorised as:

  1. information / education
  2. empathy and identity
  3. social interaction
  4. entertainment
  5. escapism

Or categorised as: diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance.

RESEARCH PRODUCT 1 (NAME)RESEARCH PRODUCT 2 (NAME)MY PRODUCT
UNDERSTANDING SELFbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
ENJOYMENTbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
ESCAPISMbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE WORLDbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
SELF CONFIDENCE, SELF ESTEEMbrief description here as explanation
STRENGTHEN CONNECTIONS WITH FAMILY AND/OR FRIENDSbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
ANY OTHER CATEGORY OR THEMEbrief description here as explanationbrief description here as explanation
Exam Prep

key words

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Key words:

  1. Cultural industries  
  2. Production
  3. Distribution
  4. Exhibition / Consumption
  5. Media concentration
  6. Conglomerates
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
  8. Cultural imperialism
  9. Vertical Integration
  10. Horizontal Integration
  11. Mergers
  12. Monopolies
  13. Gatekeepers
  14. Regulation
  15. Deregulation
  16. Free market
  17. Commodification  
  18. Convergence  
  19. Diversity   
  20. Innovation

Cultural industries are different to other industries as they’re organised around money and other industries are creative industries where as the cultural industry is not.

3 different types of ownership.

  • Capitalist Media – Corporations – make money by selling ads
  • Public Service Media – State Controlled – make money by government paying.
  • Civil Society Media – Citizen Controlled
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television

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What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

The difference between the culture industries and industries is that other industries are important for day to day life whilst creative industries are made for entertainment purposes.

Both industries make profit

“A pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world.”

The benefit of transnational media corporations is that it can be accessible around the world and can get more viewers and money, it can be more diverse in programmes.

Media language:

  • How the different modes and language associated with different media forms communicate multiple meanings
  • The codes and conventions of media forms and products, including the processes through which media language develops as genre
  • How audiences respond to and interpret the above aspects of media language develops as genre
  • How audiences respond to and interpret the above aspects of media language
  • The way media language incorporates viewpoints and ideologies

Representations:

  • The processes which lead media producers to make choices about how to r

public service broadcasting:

what is it?

Television and radio programmes that are broadcast to provide information, advice or entertainment to the public without trying to make a profit

Why is public television important?

Research shows that people exposed to news on public television are better-informed than those exposed to news on private TV

informed, educate and entertainment

The government want to get rid of BBC

Curran and Seaton:

curran and seaton argue that the prohibitive costs and risks associated with the production of media products has resulted in the organisation of media companies into verically and hor