Daily Archives: March 21, 2022

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Audience, Genre, Institution, Narrative, Television

Television – Revision

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Difference between culture industries and other industries:

  • Media industries don’t have a set structure and can be creative free. In other words, there isn’t a set of rules that specifically apply to culture industries. Free roam of creativity. Other industries have a set of rules they follow, for example in a bakery, you are told what to make and how to make it, but culture industries act as a dog being let of a leash.
  • Culture industries supply people with information they may need. For example, the weather channel tells people what the weather is and they determine what people where/take to work (umbrella if its raining). Whereas, other industries
  • One (other industries) necessity and another (Culture industries) is for entertainment.
  • A bakery is predictability as they repeat what they make however culture industries are vertile.
  • Information (Culture industries) plays a pivot role in the way it organises peoples sense of the world. – Golding and Murdock

Similarity’s between culture industries and other industries:

  • Both industries produce their products for money for the business.
  • Both are jobs for people for income.

Media Ownership:

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

Public Service Broadcasting:

  • What is public service broadcasting? – Public service broadcasting is a public television service presented to citizens, that is funded by a TV licence fees from the government. It is also diverse as it has to cater for multiple ages groups and likings. It has to live up to “Inform, educate and entertain” and live up to quality standards. Often state run, and state funded.
  • What is unique about BBC and C4? –
  • What is good about the BBC – No ads. Diverse (Choose what channel you wants). Is free to watch in parts. Familiar to British people and is part as the British’s peoples identity’s as well it is a long and proud tradition within the UK. Not all controlled by the government and is critical of the government.
  • What is the criticism of the BBC? – Pay for TV license and people don’t want to pay for it. May not be 100% accurate.
  • CSP – James Curran and Jean Seaton.

Essay – Industries, PSB/ Curran and Seaton, CSP (Channel 4 – No Offence)/ Hesmondhalgh/ Audience (pg 1-4, not in book)

Advertising, Television

what is the difference between the cultural industries and other industries.

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Rules

Creative Freedom

In most Industries there is little to no creative freedom. You have to follow an extremely strict set of rules, and if you don’t follow those rules, you will fail in the eyes of your employer. However, in the culture industry, you have much more creative freedom to express your-self.

The Three Types of Media Ownership

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

‘Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world’

Exam Prep

exam prep

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Key Thinkers

  1. David Hesmondhalgh – “The media industry is a risky business”

2. Curran and Seaton. <—— Need to mention in essay coming up

  • The difference between the culture industries and other industries is the fact they run off/ adapt towards the majority/dominant culture to appeal to them more. They also have a creative impact on the culture- organisations that are making cultural creativity. Cultural creative industries have a symbolic significance to which they can protest or carry meaning towards the audience while any other industry can’t.

3. Livingstone & Lunt

The Culture Industries

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries (creative industries)?

Both industries have many things in common such as a need of a place to work, a staff, both need structure and plans, at the end of the day industry is needed simply and solely for jobs, jobs that give money which is the pillar of society.

But, what is the difference?

One is a necessity and the other is purely for entertainment. We as a culture need food and we need water but in creative industry having the same thing all the time no longer makes it desirable.

If we didn’t have these industries how would we know about anything? About war, who was fighting. What the weather would be or about crime rates. The culture industry decides who we are, without it we are nothing. We need it to make sense of the world.

“…Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world” – Peter Golding & Graham Murdock

Culture industries are more creative than other typical industries.

  • Capitalist Media
    corporations content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Public service media
    state-related institutions
    Content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
  • Civil society media
    Citizen-control

THREE TYPES OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP

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Fuchs, C ‘Reading Marx in the Information Age’ Routledge 2016

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what is the difference between cultural industries and other industries?

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other industries such as construction for example aren’t purposefully looking to make money where cultural industries like music and television mainly focus on the money making but also for entertainment purposes. Construction is a necessity as it is needed for people to live in homes.

‘Pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world’ -Peter Golding, Graham Murdock

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notes

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What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

  • Cultural industries is usually for entertainment and making money and other industries (e.g Greggs) is mainly aimed on making money.
  • Cultural industries refers to the various businesses that produce, distribute, market or sell products that belong categorically in creative arts. Products such as clothing, books, movies, television, music.
  • In the cultural industries there is a lot of freedom for what you can create or produce, however in industries such as, Greggs, they don’t have much choice at what to produce or sell.
  • The media culture plays a big part in organizing the way people make sense of the world and the way people understand what is going on in the world.

Public Service Broadcasting:

  1. What is it? Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Inform, educate, entertain

Channel 4 Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholder. So it is public and private owned (Mixed Model)

What’s good about BBC? Almost free, easy to access, wide variety of programs, not overly commercial.

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Institution, audience, language&representation Notes

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What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries? [Hesmondhalgh]

Culture industries such as tarmacking the road is an essential thing. It is a necessity in life, however, in the other industries such as media, its purely for entertainment purposes.

Other industries is limited on what you are able to do (same sausage rolls/tarmacking) whereas culture industries are versatile, you can do many things with it to entertain/satisfy the intended audience.

Media industries are a risky business (Hesmondhalgh), you don’t know how people will react, but the other industries (greggs) if you sell a specific unit one day, you can predict what you will sell the next day based of previous data.

Both industries are very profitable/focus on money to survive.

‘Pivotal for the way we make sense of the world’- Golding and Murdock.

Industries

Transnational Media– Media that is accessible to multiple nations, not just one. EG- Netflix/Amazon Prime etc

Commercial Media- Privately owned, audiences don’t pay (adverts). EG- ITV

Structure: Patterns of ownership

NO OFFENCE

  • Production: (Abbott Production/Abbott Vision. Same company that made Shameless. Is a horizontal integration
  • Distribution (Vertical merger/integration- saves money)
  • Consumption (Channel 4, vertical integration)
  • Regulation of Ownership (Don’t allow monopolies)

Types of ownership [State/public ownership-BBC, commercial/private ownership-ITV, community-Hautlieu Radio]​

Channel 4- mixed model/owned by government with adverts​

Hesmondhalgh

‘Media is a risky business’

Public Service Broadcasting

What is it?

  • A broadcasting/media outlet (BBC, Channel 4) that has a main purpose of public service. This is usually funded by the government. It allows diversity in the media, and allows people to understand more things in their nation to an extent. It benefits the public.
  • Inform, educate, entertain.

BBC:

  • An ‘arms length’ away from government
  • It is critical of the government

Horizontal Integration = When a conglomerate acquires media companies of the same media type.

Vertical Integration = Ownerships that allow a media company to produce and distribute products.

Key Theorists:

  • Curran and Seaton- ‘Ownership of media industries’
  • Hesmondhalgh- ‘Media is a risky business’
  • Livingstone and Lunt- ‘Regulation’

Curran and Seaton:

  • ‘The media is controlled by a small number of companies that make products to create profit’
  • ‘The business function of the media industry takes precedence over its creative/public service capacities’
  • ‘PSB provides impartial news, serves minority audiences and champions national unity by offering inclusive rather than exclusive content.’

Media Ownership

Characteristics of the public sphere

Benefits

Livingstone and Lunt:

Pages: 1 2 3 4
Notes, Theory

THEORIST RECAP

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Institution

KEY THEORISTS :

  • Hesmondhalgh (The Creative Industries)
  • Curran and Seaton (Ownership)
  • Livingstone and Lunt (Regulation)

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

The cultural industries “play a pivotal role in organising images and discourses through which people make sense of the world” (Golding and Murdock). The creative industries influence the way we think and look at the world around us.

There are similar processes in which creative industries and other industries work through production, distribution and consumption.

The creative/media industry is a risky business, meaning it is unpredictable. Creativity is not essential to life however there are necessities which are. All industries try to make a profit, this is the primary purpose so if this doesn’t happen, it won’t carry on.

The creative industries are versatile, diverse and don’t always follow a linear process of creativity – Unpredictability.

Media Ownership

Public Service Media/Broadcasting = State-related institutions.

  • Government is at an ‘arms length’ from the media, they don’t control it but advise and ‘look after’ the content. It is critical of the government. –
  • Funded by the public/ tax payer. Through TV License for BBC in the UK.
  • No advertisements shown.
  • Examples = BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation – Regional)
  • Public Service provides impartial news (equal), high programming standards, no need to make a profit so, they can tailor to many different interests with their different channels (Diversity, provide for everyone)
  • What is it? – Broadcasting that involves television, radio, film which is funded publicly (by the government via the general public). Its purpose is to cater to many different people, therefore providing a wide range of different programming. It needs to inform, entertain and educate whilst living up to high standards.

Commercial Media = Corporations

  • Funded through advertisements.
  • No state obligations, privately owned.
  • Audiences don’t have to pay.
  • Examples = ITV (Multi regional)

Transnational Media = Global control

  • “communication, information or entertainment that crosses international borders without the regulatory constrains normally associated with electronic media”
  • Has aspects of the company worldwide.
  • Examples = Netflix, Sony, Apple, Disney

Curran and Seaton

  • “Commercial broadcasting is based on the sale of audiences to advertisers” —-> Commercial broadcasters (such as ITV) need to secure long term advertising revenue to survive programming. – Jean Seaton.
  • ”profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity in the world of commercial media”. – The business function of the media industries take importance over its creative expression.
  • Due to risk, the production of media products has resulted in the organisation of a small number of global players (conglomerates) who use vertical and horizontal integration to control all of the worlds commercial production.

Conglomerate =  A company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises.

Horizontal Integration = When a conglomerate acquires media companies of the same media type.

  • Production costs reduced, sharing of resources, controlling the market.

Vertical Integration = Ownerships that allow a media company to produce and distribute products. Monopolies (companies that produce, distribute and consume) are illegal —-> Companies get around this by controlling the majority and giving an aspect over to another company to control.

  • Production devisions, distribution services (without the need to employ externally, allowing full control)

Curran and Seaton suggest that ‘Culture is controlled by social elites’ who work for the benefit of themselves. They perpetuate the idea of ‘media pluralism’ which argues that the media industry should be populated by a range of companies (commercial and public).

Pages: 1 2 3 4
Research

What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries?

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Rules / Creative Freedom

In most Industries there is little to no creative freedom. You have to follow an extremely strict set of rules, and if you don’t follow those rules, you will fail in the eyes of your employer. However, in the culture industry, you have much more creative freedom to express your-self.

The Three Types of Media Ownership

  • Capitalist Media
  • Public Service Media
  • Civil Society Media

Public Service Broadcasting

Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers.

BBC and Channel 4 are non-profit organisations. They are independent organisations which are reliant on the government for funding.

They usually make media which is ‘for everyone’.

Ethos of BBC – Inform. Educate, Entertain

  1. What’s good about it?

It’s free!

  1. What is the criticism of it?

The government regulating / tampering our media

David Hesmondhalgh states that media is a risky business. Therefore, to reduce risk, The Missing is a BBC produced TV series. The BBC is a state-funded / state-supported company. This reduces risk for many reasons. Firstly, as the BBC is a credible, well-known company, people are more likely to watch the show, The Missing, because they expect quality. This links to the concept of Two Step Flow of Communication from  Paul Lazarfeld. The two step flow of communication process takes into account the way in which mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, but are filtered through opinion leaders, those who interpret media messages first and then relay them back to a bigger audience. Because BBC is a well-known brand (and can employ highly-skilled actors) people are more likel;y to gravitate towards watching that rather than another independdently owned TV show.

On the other hand, Witnesses is funded and produced by an independent company.

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Curran and seaton

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The difference between the culture industries and other industries is the fact they run off/ adapt towards the majority/dominant culture to appeal to them more. They also have a creative impact on the culture- organisations that are making cultural creativity. Cultural creative industries have a symbolic significance to which they can protest or carry meaning towards the audience while any other industry can’t.

capitalist media , public service media, civil society media.

Public service broadcast:

-the’re non profit.

-independent however they rely on the government for the money.

-organisation for everyone.

-inform, entertain, educate — the ethos of bbc

The missing:

-ETHOS:

Education

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Exam prep

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Whereas other industries create the same thing many times over, culture industries strive for difference and originality. The biggest difference between culture industries and other industries is that culture industries create an impact on people’s lives in a way that other industries do not. For example, the news can sway people’s opinions on what is happening across the globe or on who is the current leader of a country.

Capitalist Media – Corporations.

Public Service Media – State-related institutions.

Civil-Society Media – Citizen-control