Film industries are similar to other industries such as the food industry as they both sell things, they both have the same structure, i.e Production > Distribution > Consumption,
Industries such as film and games are consistently the same whereas industries like
Industries such as the food industry and pharmaceuticals are necessary whereas others like entertainment is not
newspapers, advertisements, television programs “play a pivotal role in the way in which people make sense of the world“
media such as the news is important as it shows what is going on outside of “your own world”
Public Service Media– Companies such as BBC who relies on tax for funding, which comes from viewers paying for Tv licenses
Private Media – Platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime and Disney Plus are examples of international private media
What are the differences and similarities between the culture industries and other industries? Show your understanding of PSB in your response.
A similarity between the culture industries and other industries(such as a bakery) is they both sell a product in return for profit. A difference would be in the culture industries it may be risky because producers may not know how their audience will react to the product meaning they might not make profit but on the other hand in other industries they know there is a sustainable audience for their product because its not as heavily reliant on opinion.
Golding and Murdock
“On the other hand it is equally that the goods they manufacture Tv, newspaper… play a pivotal role in organising the way people make sense of the world”
Public service Media- BBC (Tv license, involved with the government and heavily monitored by ‘offcom’)
What are the similarities and differences between the culture industries and other industries?
Similarities between the industries are that they all want to sell things and designate their products to different audiences they also adhere to the different stages benig production, distribution and consumption.
Differences between the industries are that the culture industries can convey lots of different ideas and meanings from their products, and there is a lot more variation of what can be sold.
“On the other hand, it is equally clear that the goods they manufacture – newspapers, advertisements, television programmes and feature films – play a pivotal role in organizing the images and discourses through which people make sense of the world. – Peter Golding and Graham Murdock
Commercial Media – ITV, Sky – Multi regional
Public Service Media – BBC – Regional
Transnational Media – Netflix, Amazon Prime – Global
Public Service Broadcasting
Public Service Broadcasting refers to broadcasting given to the public for entertainment or information free of charge, and is not created to make profits.
The ethos of the BBC is to inform, entertain and educate.
Capital is a public service broadcasting program from the BBC that satisfies the ethos being to inform, educate and entertain.
Curran and Seaton are two key theorists (talk about them in TV question). They say that “the media is controlled by a small number of companies that make products to create profit”.
Key Words
Cultural industries – a range of companies selling various media products.
Production – The process of a media product being made and created.
Distribution – The process of a media product being spread and delivered to people.
Exhibition / Consumption – The process of people getting use out of media products.
Media concentration
Conglomerates – Corporations of several different media businesses.
Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) – The process of spreading and distributing media products around the world.
Cultural imperialism –
Vertical Integration – Where one company takes control over multiple stages in the production, distribution or consumption of a product.
Horizontal Integration – Where one company takes control over multiple providers in one key process (production, distribution, consumption).
Mergers – When one company merges (comes together with) another.
Monopolies – When one company has control of an entire industry sector.
There are many varied similarities and differences between the creative industries and the cultural industries.
Most industries, such as finance or food, pretty much all do the exact same thing. A product or service will be provided and distributed and people expect it to be the same each time. No useful information is obtained from these industries.
The creative industries are always different, as this is what people expect from the products they make. These products help people develop a greater understanding of the world around them.
Public Service Media – Funded by government who charge for TV licences. (BBC)
Commercial Media – Funded by advertisements (ITV)
Transnational Media – Netflix
Public Service Broadcasting
The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model has been widely accepted as a universal definition. The model embodies the following principles:
Universal geographic accessibility
Universal appeal
Attention to minorities
Contribution to national identity and sense of community
Distance from vested interests
Direct funding and universality of payment
Competition in good programming rather than numbers
Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict
The public service ethos of the BBC to inform, entertain and educate is something that we should fiercely protect and fund properly.”
similarities – both businesses have the 3 elements, production distribution and consumption.
differences – more variety in culture industries
the cultural industry is clear that the goods they manufacture play a pivotal role in organising the images through which people make sense of the world – golding and murdock
The concept of “cultural industries” is more related to cultural heritage and traditional forms of creation, while “creative industries” includes the applied arts practices, innovations and generating profit and creation of jobs by creating intellectual property.
The cultural and creative industries refer to those parts of the modern economy where culture is produced and distributed through industrial means, applying the creativity of individuals and groups to the generation of original cultural product, which may have commercial value either through direct sale to consumers
A cultural industry (sometimes used synonymously with creative industries) is an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
the industries have a massive impact on people and our world.
examples :
capitalist – commercial itv
transnational – netflix, prime distributed among different countries
public service – bbc
PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING
what is it ? – it is includes all electronic media outlets and its only function is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers (TV licence UK). Television and radio programmes that are broadcast to provide information, advice, or entertainment to the public without trying to make a profit: The channel is trying to reduce its obligations to produce public service broadcasting such as religious programmes. The public service ethos of the BBC to inform, entertain and educate is something that we should fiercely protect and fund properly.
Are the BBC and C4 unique examples of PSB?
The BBC is a public service broadcaster. This means that, in return for payment of a licence fee , the BBC provide viewers with a service of programmes with wide appeal that are guaranteed to conform to its public service remit to ‘inform, educate, and entertain.”
Channel 4 is a publicly-owned and commercially-funded UK Public Service Broadcaster (PSB), with a statutory remit to deliver high-quality, innovative, alternative content that challenges the status quo.
what’s the similarities and differences between culture industries and other industries?
culture industries take similar ideas from each other and at a unique twist to make it different, this means that people wont get bored as they are familiar with some parts of it, but are enticed by the differences. They are not the same, but they use very similar techniques and ideas to ensure that people are watching/ consuming them.
other industries like the finance industry all do the same thing with barely any difference. they all provide advice, loans etc.
they both try and sell stuff.
culture industries provide information and emotions
‘play a pivotal role in the way in which people make sense of the world’ – peter Golding and graham Murdock
commercial media – when a company is in no connection to the government and its purpose is to make money
public service media – when the government fund and regulate what the companies do
transnational media – when media can be sheared across nations
civil society media –
Public service broadcasting
= multi mediatelevision and radio programmes that are broadcast to provide (ethos) information, advice, education or entertainment to the public without trying to make a profit.
The general public pay for a tv license which is given to the government, the government then fund the production of the tv series and films.
Haesmondhalgh said that the media business is a precarious business.
Public Service Broadcasting
what is it?
It involves radio, television and other forms of media who aim to serve the public. Most of the time, their funding comes from the government. Public Service Broadcasting channels include Channel 3 services, Channel 4, Channel 5 and the BBC. It is important as it is a program that reflects the wider society, ensuring diversity and inclusivity. The BBC’s ethos is to inform, educate and entertain. (capital and deuchland 83).
Capital is made by the BBC however, each episode has to be bought from amazon prime and is not available on BBC iPlayer due to the fact that they are working with other companies in the production of Capital.
Another problem with the BBC is the accessibility of it, elderly, young, poor people may struggle with it.
Are the BBC and C4 unique examples of PSB?
While all BBC public service television channels are PSB channels, only the main channels of each of the other public service broadcasters have this status.
What’s good about it?
Broadcasting is a very powerful medium which can change public opinion on a whole range of issues. It can motivate us to take action to improve our lives and the world around us – from issues such as climate change and plastic pollution to health and social issues such as mental health and homelessness
What is the criticism of it?
Capital is made by the BBC however, each episode has to be bought from amazon prime and is not available on BBC iPlayer due to the fact that they are working with other companies in the production of Capital. Another problem with the BBC is the accessibility of it, elderly, young, poor people may struggle with it. How is it organised – ie control and regulation?
The Culture Industries: similarities and differences to other industries
Cultural industries are for entertainment more than they are functional. They are not a necessity to someone’s everyday life.
Just like any other industry, cultural industries have a main focus or earning money.
Cultural industries have the power to inform and provoke/influence beliefs/opinions which also helps to provoke popular culture – popular doesn’t always mean good.
There is more freedom involved within media – versatile and unpredictable
golding and murdoch- ” (media) plays a pivotal role in organizing the images and discourse through which people make sense of the world.”
Capitalist media – corporations content that address humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making.
Funded through advertisements.
No state obligations, private
Audiences don’t have to pay
Public Service media – state-related institutions content that addresses humans in various social roles and results in meaning-making. (e.g BBC)
Government is at an ‘arms length’ from the media, they don’t control it but advise and ‘look after’ the content, public.
Funded by the public/ tax payer. Through TV License for BBC in the UK.
No advertisements shown.
Examples = BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation – Regional), Channel 4
Civil society media – citizen-control content that addresses humans in various social role and results in meaning-making.
Has aspects of the company worldwide
Examples = Netflix, Sony, Apple, Disney
Public service Broadcasting:
Q1) what is it?
– Broadcasting on electronic media outlets (radio, television) with the aim of serving the public.
– Funding usually comes from the government through tax payed by the receivers.
Q2) what’s good about it?
– No ads
– The bedrock is inform, educate and entertain.
– Its very diverse and caters to everyone.
– easily accessible
– its not biased
Q3) is it unique?
– familiar – part of national identity to the UK – trusted and supported by many and is a very unique form of PSB along with channel 4
Curran and Seaton:
Commercial broadcasting is based on the sale of audiences to advertisers” – Commercial broadcasters (such as ITV) need to secure long term advertising revenue to survive programming. – Jean Seaton. – need for an active audience. – money wins (profit-driven)
”profit-driven motives take precedence over creativity in the world of commercial media”.
“power without responsibility” – book by Curran and Seaton – first published in 1981- explores themes of how the media landscape has fallen under the control of the few global conglomerates.
Benefits of Horizontal integration: Production costs can be minimised/ Sharing resources/ controlling the market (influential as they own most of the resources)
Benefits of Vertical Integration: production divisions/distribution services/subsidiary support – finance and promotional services. control over all aspects of the production chain/restricting access to competitors/cross-media ownership synergies.
Curran suggests that the relationships between big businesses and government – suggesting power of concentrated media ownership has forced political parties and form cosy relationships with the media. in order to get favourable press charge.
What is the difference between the culture industries and other industries? Show your understanding of PSB in your response.
There’s both similarities and differences in culture industry’s and other industries. For example, with culture industries and other industries the similarity is that they both set out to make money and earn money back from the product that they release. Another similarity is that they both get made and produced and released to the public. However the differences are that some industries are necessary and are needed as with culture industries they aren’t needed and you can survive without them however some industries are more important. Another difference is that there is more freedom with the culture industries as however with other industries there isn’t as much freedom.
play a pivotal role in organizing images and discourses through which people make sense of the world.
MEDIA AS A COMMODITY v MEDIA AS A PUBLIC GOOD
Characteristics of the Public Sphere
Benefits of the Public Service Media
Benefits of Commercial Media How does your TV example fit into this table?
the benefits of commercial media are that if they are commercial they are free.
public service broadcasting
what is it?
What refers to a public service broadcaster? Public service broadcasting consists of television and radio programmes supplied by an official or government organization, rather than by a commercial company.
What’s the difference between culture industries and other industries?
Culture industries supply people with the information they need to know to go on with life, like the news and weather. The weather tells them how to dress, what transport to take, and the news tells them if its safe to go outside, or if the world is at war, or if a road is closed.
However culture industries are also similar to other industries in the way that they need staff, a team, roles and a plan to work by, as well as this they are both designed in the manor to make the staff money instead of being entertainment or helpful to anyone, at the end of the day its just a job. –
The main difference is that people need the culture industries to be in the loop with life and know what’s going on, however they don’t need to buy dinner at a restaurant or drive on a new tarmac road.
Culture industries can use wider and more creative ideas and productions whereas industries are normally known for what they do and if they change its seen as strange.
Culture industries play a pivotal role of making sense of the world.
-Public service guarantees a good, reliable program with no ad interruption breaks
-However public service requires a payment of £100 a year, which some people might see us unfair or ridiculous.
-Capitalist media can have freedom of speech and make anything they like which can supply a small amount of viewers with entertainment, however not every one
-Public service media is determined and influenced by the government and what they want the public to hear.
Public service Broadcastings:
-What is it?
A public television channel that is funded by TV license fee’s from the government. The PSB is trusted and meant to create quality broadcastings and quality content, it is watched by the government and has to live up to the expectations, the expectations being “inform, educate and entertain” – Lord Reith (the first general director of PSB’s). They do not use ads to make money, providing a better experience to viewers.
-Whats good about the PBS?
No adverts, its diverse and has multiple options, its free to everyone, has music. news and entertainment, although it influenced by the government, they are not afraid to sometimes speak out about the government.
-Whats bad about the PBS?
Paid for, not diverse enough, has bias most of the time in it as it is as its influenced by the government.
-How is it organised?Control and Regulation
it is influenced by the government and paid for by the public using tax’s like a TV license. Channel 4 makes money through ads but is a PBS, it is diverse and is meant to entertain and make media that is directed towards a small group of people rather than a large group of people like the BBC are targeted towards,
Curran and Seaton:
Speak mostly on how media and PBS is too influenced by the government, however since it was first developed it was worse and it has come a long way since then, they speak on how it needs to become more separate rather than slightly influenced.
