Linear = arranged in or extending a straight or nearly straight line

chronological = following the order in which they occurred

sequential = forming or following in a logical order or sequence

circular structure = an object that references itself.  making sure the function that is being passed in, filters out repeated or circular data.

Time based = over a period of time

narrative arc =  is an extended or continuing storyline in episodic storytelling media such as television, comic books, comic strips, board games, video games, and films with each episode following a dramatic arc.

Freytag’s pyramid = Devised by 19th century German playwright Gustav Freytag, Freytag’s Pyramid is a paradigm of dramatic structure outlining the seven key steps in successful storytelling: exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution, and denouement

Exposition = Narrative exposition is the insertion of background information within a story or narrative. This information can be about the setting, characters’ backstories, prior plot events, historical context.

Inciting incident = The event that sets the main character or characters on the journey that will occupy them throughout the narrative.

Rising action =  starts right after the period of exposition and ends at the climax. Beginning with the inciting incident, rising action is the bulk of the plot. It is composed of a series of events that build on the conflict and increase the tension, sending the story racing to a dramatic climax.

climax = The ending and leading up to the end of the narrative

Falling action = Falling action is what happens near the end of a story after the climax and resolution of the major conflict. falling action is what the characters are doing after the story’s most dramatic part has happened.

Resolution = the ending of the story, happens after the conflict

Denouement = the final part of a play, film, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.

Beginning / middle / end = The plot through out the films

Equilibrium = Everything is balanced at the beginning

Disruption = Changing something over and over again

Transgression = Often disequilibrium is caused by societal / moral / ethical

Peripeteia = a sudden reversal of fortune or change in circumstances, especially in reference to fictional narrative. “the peripeteias of the drama”

Anagnorisis = the point in a play, novel, etc., in which a principal character recognizes or discovers another character’s true identity or the true nature of their own circumstances.

Catharsis = is the purification and purgation of emotions through dramatic art, or it may be any extreme emotional state that results in renewal and restoration

The 3 Unities: Action, Time, Place = a tragedy should have one principal action. unity of time:

 Flash-forward / Flash-back: a flash-forward takes a narrative forward in time, a flashback goes back in time, often to before the narrative began.

Foreshadowing = be a warning or indication of a future event.

Ellipsis = the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.

Pathos =  to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel.

Empathy = is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference

Diegetic / non-diegetic = In film, diegesis refers to the story world, and the events that occur within it. Thus, non-diegesis are things which occur outside the story-world

Slow motion = A slow movement to add to a tense scene

In media res = the practice of beginning an epic or other narrative by plunging into a crucial situation that is part of a related chain of events.

Metanarrative = in critical theory and particularly in postmodernism is a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience, or knowledge

Quest narratives = one of the oldest and surest ways of telling a story.

The Leveson inquiry was a judge-led inquiry (spanning across 2011 and 2012) set up Prime Minister David Cameron. It reviewed the general culture and ethics of the British media, and made recommendations for a new, independent body to replace existing press complaints commission. This was a result of the wake of the phone-hacking scandal at the now defunct News of the World tabloid. This was where employees of the news paper were accused of phone hacking, police bribery, and exercising improper influence is the pursuit of finding a story.

The final 2000 page report was published on the 29th of November 2012.

the bombshell movie is a true story based on the accounts of the women at fox news who set out to expose CEO Roger Alias for sexual harassment.

“Having had enough of her boss’s sexual harassments, Gretchen Carlson files a lawsuit against Fox News founder Roger Ailes. Her bravery triggers a domino effect, culminating into a liberation movement.”

Sexual harassment – a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favours.

Todorov’s theory:

equilibrium- one (first) of the stages in the theory of narrative structure of Todorov’s theory. it is explained about the condition that happens with a character. its the beginning of the film and the characters life is normal

disruption- this is the second stage of his theory, where the characters life is about to change/ have a interference

new equilibrium- the final stage of Todorov’s theory where a characters life goes back to normal and is the end of the film.

He recognises that the stories are always linear

his theory can be manipulated into multiple equilibrium meaning that media companies try and produce what’s known as a roller-coaster affect to give the viewers calmness but also exitment.

Vladimir Propp:

he believed that stories were constructed with 8 different stock characters such as the:

hero- 2 types of hero’s. the seeker-hero who usually relies more heavily on the donor to perform their quest, and the victim-hero who needs to overcome a weakness to complete their quest.

helper- a typically magical entity that comes to aid the hero in their quest

princess- the hero desires her throughout the story and she is seen as a prize for the hero

villain- an evil character that creates a struggle for the hero.

victim- a character who is in the middle of a quest/fight. and is aught in the crossfire.

dispatcher- sends the hero on his quest at the start of the story.

father- the person who typically doesn’t allow the hero to marry the princess/ daughter as he needs to show his worth by completing the quest.

false hero- a figure who takes credit for the hero’s actions and tries to marry the princess.

Propp was a soviet folklorist and scholar who analysed the basic structural elements of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irreducible structural units.

Propp published a book in 1929 called ‘Morphology of the Folktale’.

He also suggests that stores do not necessarily require all character types as well as organising narrative structures into a combination of 31 defined plot moments, that he called ‘narratemes’, also referred to the starting points of a story.

cultural resistance

cultural hegemony

subcultural theory

when people protest and laws are put in place to try and resolve the issue, this doesn’t necessarily mean that anything will change and doesn’t mean that peoples opinions on the mater will change. Peoples opinions change through cultural beliefs.

Antonio Gramsci was an Italian philosopher who argued about the theory of Cultural hegemony in the 1930s.

Hegemony is the dominant ruling class who are seen as the legitimate ideas/ ideology.

the idea of the dominant group are expressed and maintained through its economic, political, moral and social institutions. These intuitions socialise people into accepting the norms and the values of the dominant group.

hegemonic: dominant, ruling-class, power-holders

hegemonic culture: the dominant culture

cultural hegemony: power, rule, or domination maintained by ideological and cultural means

ideology: worldview- beliefs, assumptions and values

campaigns: Roc against racism, rock against sexism