Paul Gilroy Notes

Postcolonial Theory :

– Racial Otherness : Gilroy studied the importance of black representation. The ‘ There ain’t no black in the Union Jack relates back to the race relations from the Second World war. Thus where the poster-war wave of immigration from the West Indies produced a series of worries and anxieties regarding immigrant behaviour. The black community are constructed as a racial ‘other’ in the predominantly white world of 1950s Britain. There were worries that immigrant communities would swamp / take over white Britain. These fears were further noted in the news in late 1970s and 1980s and routed the black community with assaults, muggings and other violent crimes.

‘It is not then a matter of how many blacks there are, but of the type of danger they represent to the nation’ – Gilroy 2008

– Post-colonial Melancholia :

-The story of UK race relations post W.W. 2 : In 1950’s, the black community such as Indians and the Caribbean came to England as ‘we’ were in desperate need of filled job spaces.

– Legacy of the Empire : Gilroy suggests that we live in ‘morbid culture of a once-imperial nation that has not been able to accept its inevitable loss of prestige’. England couldn’t accept the fact that it was loosing its empire power.

Ghost Town – BBC:

Quote – “It was clear that something was very, very, wrong,” the song’s writer, Jerry Dammers, has said.

Quote – “I saw it develop from a boom town, my family doing very well, through to the collapse of the industry and the bottom falling out of family life. Your economy is destroyed and, to me, that’s what Ghost Town is about.”

Quote – “No job to be found in this country,” one voice cries out. “The people getting angry,” booms another, ominously.

 Specials grew up in the 1960s listening to a mixture of British and American pop and Jamaican ska. 1981, industrial decline had left the city suffering badly. Unemployment was among the highest in the UK. The Specials, too, encapsulated Britain’s burgeoning multiculturalism. It expressed the mood of the early days of Thatcher’s Britain for many. 

paul gilroy

racial otherness- Gilroys study of black representation ‘there aint no black in the union jack’ focuses on the story of UK race relationships from WW2. The immigration from the west indies caused anxieties.

post-colonial melancholia- substandard living conditions produced racial representations. There were intensified fears that immigrant communities would fill up Britain.

quotes- john Kelly

 a depiction of social breakdown that provided the soundtrack to an explosion of civil unrest.

“It was clear that something was very, very, wrong,”

Paul Gilroy- POST COLONIAL THEORY

Racial Otherness:

  • underlying presence within print media during 1970s-80s arguing that criminalised reputations of black males often stigmatised the black community.
  • wrote the book ” There ain’t no black in the union jack”
  • anxieties regarding immigrant behaviour in the UK after WW2 in which post-war wave of immigration from the West Indies.
  • draws attention to “Lurid newspaper reports of black pimps living off immoral earnings of white women”
  • produced racial representations that were “fixed in a matrix between the imagery of squalor and that of sordid sexuality”

Post Colonial melancholia- the deep rooted shame felt as a result of the loss of the British empire. In media the loss is deflected through nostalgia and anxieties surrounding British identity.

The story of UK race relations post W.W. 2- talks about the worries of immigrant behaviour in the post-war wave of immigration from the West Indies. Public associated these immigrants with the substandard living conditions.

Legacy of the empire- Gilroy suggests we live in “morbid culture of a once-imperial nation that has not been able to accept it’s inevitable loss of prestige”. British are undergoing a crisis of national identity. Empire immigrants and their descendants, is argued to be a visible representation of British power as it once was.

The Search for Albion – Albion England is nothing more than a distracting fantasy that disguises the reality of what Britain is really like – crippled by regional poverty and an ever-widening economic social divide.

Paul Gilroy

Paul Gilroy explores the construction of racial ‘otherness’ as an underlying presence within print media reportage during the 1970s and 1980s, arguing that criminalised representations of black males regularly stigmatised the black community.

Gilroys theory:

Paul Gilroy believed “unstable” and politicised identities are “always unfinished, always being remade” and ethnicity is an “infinite process of identity construction”. In other words, ethnicity and national identity are not actually fixed or permanent.

Gilroys main points:

  • WW2 immigrants were seen as an alien ‘other’ to an imagined white Britishness.
  • Black immigrants were perceived to be ‘swamping’ white communities.
  • Black communities were demonised through the representations that associated them with individual acts of criminality – knife crime and muggings were particular media concerns. These representations construct a ‘common sense’ notion of the criminal black male.
  • Later representations constructed the black community in general, and black youths in particular, to be naturally lawless and incompatible with British white values.
  • Later representations suggested that black otherness had a corrosive effect on white youth culture too.

Info from TheConversation.com:

  • ‘Ghost Town’: a haunting 1981 protest song that still makes sense today
  • It was their last song before splitting up and reforming as The Special AKA and stayed at the top of the UK charts for three weeks.
  • The music video was directed by Barney Bubbles and filmed in the East End of London, Blackwell Tunnel and a before-hours City of London.

PAUl Gilroy + GHOST TOWN QUOTES AND NOTES

Racial Otherness: Gilroy explored the idea of racial otherness being underlying in print media during the 1970s and 1980s, he mainly focused on how the idea of black males regularly was set to be a criminal one. Gilroy’s main focus and research was in his study of black representation in the UK. The study was called “There Ain’t No Black In The Union Jack” where he focused on how newspapers were lurid and racist towards black people.

Post-colonial Melancholia: Racial representations were “fixed in a matrix between the imagery of squalor and that of sordid sexuality” Gilroy argued that this was gated the black community out by saying they are a “other” race in the majority white Britain.

The story of UK race relations post W.W. 2: After Gilroy’s study of how black people and immigrants where being pushed aside by people instead of being included and recognised. After that, 2 decades later, Britain was flooded with “fear” that immigrants and other races were going to “swamp” Britain.

BBC information on Ghost Town “Released on 20 June 1981 against a backdrop of rising unemployment, its blend of melancholy, unease and menace took on an entirely new meaning when Britain’s streets erupted into rioting almost three weeks later – the day before Ghost Town reached number one in the charts.” sums up the idea behind Ghost Town.

I saw it develop from a boom town, my family doing very well, through to the collapse of the industry and the bottom falling out of family life. Your economy is destroyed and, to me, that’s what Ghost Town is about.

 “It was clear that something was very, very, wrong,” the song’s writer, Jerry Dammers

“No job to be found in this country,” one voice cries out. “The people getting angry,” booms another, ominously.

ghost town

Key Concepts:
● Cultural resistance
● Cultural hegemony
● Subcultural theory
Context:
● Race Relations
● Thatcher’s Britain
Case Studies:
● Rock Against Racism
● Rock Against Sexism
● 2 Tone

The Idea of Resistance and Political Protest:
● When we first think about political protest, what comes to mind?○ Attempts to change to laws or legislation
○ Organised political movements
○ Public protests
○ Petitions, marches


● However, we can look at political protest in terms of:
○ Cultural resistance
○ Everyday people


● Why look at cultural resistance?
○ Overt political protest is uncommon. When it occurs, it often results in a backlash.
○ Even if overt political protest does results in changes in legislation, it won’t necessarily change public
opinion.
○ Culture is what influences people’s hearts, minds and opinions. This is the site of popular change.
Key idea: the political, personal and cultural are always intertwined