• In the present day, a lot of people aspire to be in a creative occupation however it is a struggle when you aren’t in a family or know people who can get you into it, no matter the creative ability you have, e.g cultural work in the complex professional era is that many more people seem to have wanted to work professionally in the cultural industries than have succeeded in do so. Few people make it, and surprisingly little attention has been paid in research to how people do so, and what stops others from getting on.
• David is currently a Professor of Media, music and culture at the University of Leeds.
• He has wrote books such as Understanding Media: Inside Celebrity (Maidenhead Open University Press, 2005), Media Production (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2006), Media and Society, 6th edition (New York: Bloomsbury, 2019) and many more.
• Hesmondhalgh analyses the relationship between media and work as well as the media industry.
• Applying/getting a job requires luck or a family member to be successful.
• David Hesmondalgh says that the creative/cultural industry is a risky business.
• Businesses are divided into three sectors such as production, distribution and consumption.
• The strategies that minimise the risks are strategies such as the ‘Horizontal integration’ which enables large-scale institutions to achieve scale base cost savings while also allowing them to maximise profits by positioning brands so they do not compete with one another. A second way to minimise the risks is the vertical integration, this is where production, distribution, marketing specialist subsidiaries and media conglomerates can control all aspects of their supply chain while also achieving significant cost saving efficiencies. The final strategy of minimising risk is the multi-sector integration, this is the buying of companies across the culture industry, allowing for further cross-promotion opportunities and the deployment of brands across media platforms.

Cultural Industries – an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.

Production – the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

Distribution – the methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.

Exhibition / Consumption – a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

Media Concentration – a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.

Conglomerates – a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises.

Globalisation – the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Cultural Imperialism – Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native culture.

Vertical Integration – when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution.

Horizontal Integration – a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 

Mergers – an acquisition in which one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business in the Page 2 State and one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business elsewhere.

Monopolies – concentrated control of major mass communications within a society.

Gatekeepers – is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media.

Regulations – a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.

Deregulations – the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.

Free Market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Commodification – the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold.

Convergence – a phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.

Diversity – it means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. 

Innovation – the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.

1. Cultural industries – A cultural industry is an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
2. Production – Production is the process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs  in order to make something for consumption. It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.
3. Distribution-Content Distribution is the act of promoting content to online audiences in multiple media formats through various channels.
4. Exhibition / Consumption-  consumption is defined as how your content audience reads, views and/or listens to information.
5. Media concentration-  a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
6. Conglomerates- a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) -The production, distribution, and consumption of media products on a global scale, facilitating the exchange and diffusion of ideas cross-culturally.
8. Cultural imperialism –  the over-concentration of mass media from larger nations, negatively affecting less powerful nations.
9. Vertical Integration – when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
10. Horizontal Integration – a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value
11. Mergers – a merger or acquisition in which 2 or. more of the undertakings involved carry on a media business in the State
12. Monopolies –  concentrated control of major mass communications within a society
13. Gatekeepers – Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the internet, or some other mode of communication
14. Regulation – encouraging competition and an effective media market, or establishing common technical standards to achieve a goal
15. Deregulation – deregulation of the telecommunications industry pertains to relaxing ownership rules regarding such items as the number of stations a single television or radio owner can possess in a market and whether or not a single corporation can own a newspaper, or television and radio station in the same market.
16. Free market –  an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control
17. Commodification  – critical view of the media sees the commodities and commodification with two things that connect the object and process.
18. Convergence  –  the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
19. Diversity  – finding ways to make content both physically accessible and visibly diverse. 
20. Innovation – is about change, and media products and services are changing

1. Cultural industries  
   An industrialised culture concerned with producing, reproducing, storing and distributing good
2. Production
   The creation of a piece of media
3. Distribution
   How a piece of media is delivered to masses
4. Exhibition / Consumption
   How media is presented and consumed by the masses of people
5. Media concentration
   The ownership of a piece of media by a number of individuals
6. Conglomerates
   A large company that owns the rights to multiple other company’s that are linked to media
7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
   The worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas.
8. Cultural imperialism
   A theory that certain nations have a control over media around the world
9. Vertical Integration
   When media company’s own multiple company’s in the same chain of production
10. Horizontal Integration
    A media company that owns multiple company’s of the same value
11. Mergers
    Acquisitions of a media company by another
12. Monopolies
    When either an individual or a company has complete ownership of a genre or sub-genre of media
13. Gatekeepers
    When people determine who can look at specific pieces of media
14. Regulation
    When certain things are blocked from being published by the media
15. Deregulation
    The idea that there should not be regulations on what media can be posted due to the right of free speech
16. Free market
    A voluntary exchange and the law of supply and demand that provides for the economy
17. Commodification  
    The transformation of the relationship, which is trafficked into things that are free of the commercial nature of the relationship.
18. Convergence  
    The merging of media technologies and platforms through digitalization and computer networking
19. Diversity   
    A diversity of ideas, viewpoints or content opinions on a certain media subject
20. Innovation  
    An invention of a new value or idea for journalism

David Hesmondhalgh stats that the media business is a very “Risky Buisiness”. However company’s work towards minimising the risk of the business.

An example of this would be companies acquiring other smaller company’s that are