Todorov

Todorov states that media has a beginning, middle and end. He calls these the “equilibrium”, “disruption”, and “new equilibrium”

Freytag

Freytag’s pyramid is similar in that he has a exposition and climax and denouement.

Multi-perspective narratives: contemporary stories are often told from different character perspectives, repurposing equilibriums as disequilibrium when the story shifts from one character viewpoint to another
Metanarratives: provide audiences with moments that draw attention to the idea that they are watching a story. Metanarration might knowingly refer to the product as a media construct or speak directly to audiences through fourth wall breaks.

Vladimir Propp

Vladimir propp suggests that stories have stock characters to structure a stories. You do not need to recognise all of these characters, but it is a good way to understand the way in which CHARACTERS FUNCTION TO PROVIDE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE:

Hero
Helper – usually accompanies the hero on their quest, saving them from the struggles encountered on their journey, helping them to overcome the difficult tasks encountered on their quest. The dispatcher: sends the hero on his or her quest, usually at the start of the story.
Princess – the princess usually represents the reward of the hero’s quest, while the princess’s father often sets the hero difficult tasks to prevent them from mar rying the princess. The donor: provides the hero with a magical agent that allows
Villain – fights or pursues the hero and must be defeated if the hero is to accomplish their quest.
Victim
Dispatcher
Father
False Hero – performs a largely villainous role, usurping the true hero’s position in the course of the story. The false hero is usually unmasked in the last act of a narrative