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Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

Institutions key terms

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Cultural industries- the different types of popular media, produces, distributes products in the creative arts generally in favour of popularity

Production- the making of a form of media

Distribution- The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign

Exhibition/ consumption- the retail branch of the film industry/ when the media is taken in by individuals or a group

Media concentration- the ownership of mass media by fewer individuals

Conglomerates- a group that owns multiple companies which stand out different media specialised in written or audio-visual content

Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)- the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas

Cultural imperialism- The practice of promoting the culture values or language of one nation in another

Vertical Integration- a way in which media companies expand by acquiring different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution

Horizontal Integration- a way in which media companies expand by acquiring media companies that work in similar sectors (owns several businesses of the same value eg. a media company can own Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. )

Mergers- a merger or acquisition in which 2 or more of the undertakings involved carry on a media business

Monopolies- concentrated control of major mass communications within a society

Gatekeepers- the process through which information is filtered for dissemination

Regulation- the process by which a range of specific, often legally binding, tools are applied to media systems and institutions to achieve established policy goals such as pluralism, diversity, competition, and freedom

Deregulation- the process of removing or loosening government restrictions on the ownership of media outlets

Free market- one where voluntary exchange and the laws of supply and demand provide the sole basis for the economic system

Commodification- the transformation of the shape of the relationship, which is initially trafficked into things that are free of the commercial nature of the relationship  

Convergence- the merging of previously distinct media technologies and platforms through digitization and computer networking 

Diversity- diversity of ideas, viewpoints or content options 

Innovation- change in several aspects of the media landscape, from the development of new media platforms, to new business models, to new ways of producing media texts

Vertical integration- a company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution

Media conglomerates- a company owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises

Diversification- a corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry in which the business doesn’t currently operate.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

Bombshell

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Bombshell was a film released in 2019 is a film based off of a real-life scandal in which the CEO of a big television company, Fox News (Roger Ailes) sexually exploited female staff.

Roger Ailes (May 15, 1940 – May 18, 2017) was a media consultant and television executive in the United States. He was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fox News. He resigned from Fox News in July 2016 after numerous female Fox employees accused him of sexual harassment.

Gabriel Sherman claimed in a 2014 book that Ailes offered a television producer a raise if she would sleep with him in the 1980s. The allegation was refuted by Fox News, as was Sherman’s book’s legitimacy. Former Fox News anchor Gretchen Carlson filed a sexual harassment complaint against Ailes on July 6, 2016, and her allegations prompted more than a dozen female employees at 21st Century Fox to speak up about their own encounters with Ailes.

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Key Words and Definitions

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KEY WORDSDEFINITIONS
Cultural Industriesthe notion of cultural industries generally includes textual, music, television, film production and publishing.
Productionthe action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
Distributionthe methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.
Exhibition / Consumptionthe sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group.
Media Concentrationa process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
Conglomeratesa company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises.
Globalisationthe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Cultural ImperialismCultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native culture.
Vertical Integrationwhen a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution.
Horizontal Integrationa Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 
Mergersan acquisition in which one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business in the Page 2 State and one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business elsewhere.
Monopoliesconcentrated control of major mass communications within a society.
Gatekeepersis a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media.
Regulationa rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
Deregulationthe removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.
Free Marketan economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
Commodificationthe act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold.
Convergencea phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
Diversityit means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. 
Innovationthe process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.
Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

key words –

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  • Cultural industries  – A cultural industry is an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
  • Production – The process of or management involved in making a film, play, or record.
  • Distribution – The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.
  • Exhibition / Consumption – Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to the radio.
  • Media concentration – Concentration of media ownership is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
  • Conglomerates – A media conglomerate, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
  • Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) – The production, distribution, and consumption of media products on a global scale facilitating the exchange and diffusion of ideas cross-culturally.
  • Cultural imperialism –  Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native culture.
  • Vertical Integration –  Vertical Integration is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
  • Horizontal Integration – Horizontal Integration is a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 
  • Mergers – a combination of two things, especially companies, into one.
  • Monopolies – the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
  • Gatekeepers – is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media.
  • Regulation – a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
  • Deregulation – the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.
  • Free market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
  • Commodification  – the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold.
  • Convergence  –  media convergence, a phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
  • Diversity – It means understanding that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual differences. 
  • Innovation – the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable.

Feminist Critical Thinking, Institution

key words

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Key words:

  1. Cultural industries – The notion of cultural industries generally includes textual, music, television, and film production and publishing.
  2. Production – the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
  3. distribution – The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign.
  4. Media concentration – Concentration of media ownership is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
  5. Exhibition / Consumption– the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group
  6. Conglomerates – A media conglomerate, or a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, 
  7. Globalisation – the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
  8. Cultural imperialism – Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing Western views and therefore destroying their native culture
  9. Vertical Integration – Vertical Integration is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
  10. Horizontal Integration – Horizontal Integration is a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value. A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books. 
  11. Mergers – a merger or acquisition in which one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business in the Page 2 State and one or more of the undertakings involved carries on a media business elsewhere.
  12. Monopolies – concentrated control of major mass communications within a society
  13. Gatekeepers – is a process by which information is filtered to the public by the media
  14. Regulation – a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
  15. Deregulation– the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry.
  16. Free market – an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
  17. Commodification –  the act or fact of turning something into an item that can be bought and sold
  18. Convergence – media convergence, phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
  19. Diversity – It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. 
  20. Innovation –  the process of not just an “invention” of a new value for journalism, but also the process of implementing this new value in a market or a social setting to make it sustainable
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media insttutions- key terms

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  1. Cultural industries – A cultural industry is an economic field concerned with producing, reproducing, storing, and distributing cultural goods and services on industrial and commercial terms.
  2. Production – Production is the process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs  in order to make something for consumption. It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.
  3. Distribution-Content Distribution is the act of promoting content to online audiences in multiple media formats through various channels.
  4. Exhibition / Consumption-  consumption is defined as how your content audience reads, views and/or listens to information.
  5. Media concentration-  a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
  6. Conglomerates- a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership) -The production, distribution, and consumption of media products on a global scale, facilitating the exchange and diffusion of ideas cross-culturally.
  8. Cultural imperialism –  the over-concentration of mass media from larger nations, negatively affecting less powerful nations.
  9. Vertical Integration – when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution
  10. Horizontal Integration – a Media Company’s Ownership of several businesses of the same value
  11. Mergers – a merger or acquisition in which 2 or. more of the undertakings involved carry on a media business in the State
  12. Monopolies –  concentrated control of major mass communications within a society
  13. Gatekeepers – Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the internet, or some other mode of communication
  14. Regulation – encouraging competition and an effective media market, or establishing common technical standards to achieve a goal
  15. Deregulation – deregulation of the telecommunications industry pertains to relaxing ownership rules regarding such items as the number of stations a single television or radio owner can possess in a market and whether or not a single corporation can own a newspaper, or television and radio station in the same market.
  16. Free market –  an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control
  17. Commodification  – critical view of the media sees the commodities and commodification with two things that connect the object and process.
  18. Convergence  –  the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content.
  19. Diversity  – finding ways to make content both physically accessible and visibly diverse. 
  20. Innovation – is about change, and media products and services are changing
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Key words

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  1. Cultural industries  
    An industrialised culture concerned with producing, reproducing, storing and distributing good
  2. Production
    The creation of a piece of media
  3. Distribution
    How a piece of media is delivered to masses
  4. Exhibition / Consumption
    How media is presented and consumed by the masses of people
  5. Media concentration
    The ownership of a piece of media by a number of individuals
  6. Conglomerates
    A large company that owns the rights to multiple other company’s that are linked to media
  7. Globalisation (in terms of media ownership)
    The worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas.
  8. Cultural imperialism
    A theory that certain nations have a control over media around the world
  9. Vertical Integration
    When media company’s own multiple company’s in the same chain of production
  10. Horizontal Integration
    A media company that owns multiple company’s of the same value
  11. Mergers
    Acquisitions of a media company by another
  12. Monopolies
    When either an individual or a company has complete ownership of a genre or sub-genre of media
  13. Gatekeepers
    When people determine who can look at specific pieces of media
  14. Regulation
    When certain things are blocked from being published by the media
  15. Deregulation
    The idea that there should not be regulations on what media can be posted due to the right of free speech
  16. Free market
    A voluntary exchange and the law of supply and demand that provides for the economy
  17. Commodification  
    The transformation of the relationship, which is trafficked into things that are free of the commercial nature of the relationship.
  18. Convergence  
    The merging of media technologies and platforms through digitalization and computer networking
  19. Diversity   
    A diversity of ideas, viewpoints or content opinions on a certain media subject
  20. Innovation  
    An invention of a new value or idea for journalism

David Hesmondhalgh stats that the media business is a very “Risky Buisiness”. However company’s work towards minimising the risk of the business.

An example of this would be companies acquiring other smaller company’s that are

Institution, Notes

Murdoch x25

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  1. He is worth $17.1 billion.

2. Born on the 11th of March 1931

3. Born in Melbourne, Australia.

4. Went to a very prestigious uni, Oxford.

5. In his early life he was an Australian newspaper publisher.

6. He was also a media entrepreneur.

7. This was largely because his father was a famous war correspondent and publisher.

8. His father died in 1953, leaving him to inherit two newspapers in Australia.

9. He was able to increase the newspaper’s circulation by emphasising the problems of sex, crime, and scandals.

10. He bought and built up the Perth Sunday Times in 1956.

11. In 1960 he bought the significantly declining Sydney Daily.

12. He turned the Sydney Daily into the most bought newspaper in Australia.

13. He became a US Citizen in 1985 in order to be able to expand his market to US television broadcasting.

14. For his first job, he worked as an editor on Lord Beaverbrook’s London Daily Express.

15. In Britain in 1989, he inaugurated Sky Television.

16. Murdoch’s media empire includes Fox News, Fox Sports, the Fox Network, The Wall Street Journal, and HarperCollins.

17. He wrote papers which supported the labour party in 1997, 1001 and 2005 for the elections.

18. In 2011, Murdoch along with his son James provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking.

19. This was after a young girl who was murdered had her phone hacked by reporters/journalists in order to make a story. 

20. He attended a private meeting in London with the family of the girl, where he personally apologized for the hacking of their murdered daughter’s phone.

21. In 2012 a panel wrote a critical report about him, stating that he was not fit to lead a major company.

22. In 2015 Murdoch was succeeded as CEO at 21st Century Fox by James, his son.

23. In 2017 he agreed to sell most of the holdings of 21st Century Fox to the Disney Company.

24. Two years later this deal with Disney closed and was valued at about $71 billion.

25. Fox News and various other TV channels were excluded from the sale, and they became part of the newly formed Fox Corporation.


Institution

rupert murdoch : news uk

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  1. It has been alleged that News Group staff were accused of engaging in phone hacking, including Clive Goodman, illegally accessed voicemail for the mobile phones of thousands of public figures, including politicians and celebrities.
  2. News Corp UK & Ireland Limited (trading as News UK, formerly News International and NI Group), is a British newspaper publisher, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the American mass media conglomerate News Corp. It is the current publisher of The Times, The Sunday Times and The Sun newspapers
  3. Rupert Murdoch is the owner of hundreds of local, national, and international publishing outlets around the world, including in the UK (The Sun and The Times), in Australia (The Daily Telegraph, Herald Sun and The Australian), in the US (The Wall Street Journal and the New York Post)
  4. After his father’s death in 1952, Murdoch took over the running of The News, a small Adelaide newspaper owned by his father. In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over the News of the World.
  5. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, and, in 1985, became a naturalized US citizen, giving up his Australian citizenship, to satisfy the legal requirement for US television network ownership.
  6.  Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990 and, during the 1990s, expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdoch’s News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, with a net worth of over $5 billion.
  7. In July 2011, Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty, and public citizens. Murdoch faced police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the US. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.
  8.  Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson, who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of an extended period of industrial action that stopped publication
  9. . In England, the move roused the anger of the print unions, resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping, one of London’s docklands areas, where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing facility in an old warehouse.
  10. The Guardian newspaper, citing official company accounts, claims Rebekah Brooks received a £10.8m payoff for leaving News International.
  11. Times Newspapers was formed in 1967 when the Thomson Corporation purchased The Times from the Astor family and merged it with The Sunday Times, which it had owned since 1959. The company was purchased by Rupert Murdoch’s News International in February 1981. The acquisition followed an intense 21 days of negotiations with the print unions, conducted by John Collier and Bill O’Neill. The Times Literary Supplement, Times Educational Supplement and Times Higher Education Supplement were also part of the group; the latter two publications have since been sold.
  12. The London Paper was the first newspaper to be launched by News International rather than bought. It was an evening freesheet distributed at bus and rail stations in London. It was published five days a week from September 2006 to September 2009, when it closed down, faced with competition from other free papers.
  13. In contrast to News International’s earlier denials of knowledge, The Guardian cites suppressed evidence revealing that News of the World‘s editorial staff were involved with private investigators who engaged in illegal phone-hacking, and that both reporters and executives were commissioning purchases of confidential information; this is illegal unless it is shown to be in the public interest

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David hesmodhalgh

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David wrote a book called “the culture industries”He argues that major cultural organisations create products for different industries in order to maximise chances of commercial success. His work is about tracing the relationship between media work, workers, and the industry.

‘for every individual who succeeds, there are many who do not. For many, it will be the result of a perfectly reasonable personal decision that the commitment and determination required is not for them’