leveson 10 years on

The report of the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the press was published ten years ago. It was half-success and a half-failure

The successful part was the evidence stage, where a huge amount of evidence was placed into the public domain about the culture, practices and ethics of the press that would have not been placed into the public domain, but for the inquiry.

The Leveson inquiry was a judicial public inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press following the News International phone hacking scandal, chaired by Lord Justice Leveson, who was appointed in July 2011. A series of public hearings were held throughout 2011 and 2012.

revision notes– GAUNTLET & BUTLER

Judith Butler quotes:

“Biological anatomies do not determine our gender” – This is a basic idea that although someone can be born with male or female anatomy, it doesn’t determine what gender that person feels like, a mental thing.

“Male and female identities are not naturally configured” – It does not matter in which way you act, your identity is not pre-determined.

“Gender is not solely determined by primary experiences during childhood” – Just because you acted a certain way during childhood, as you mature your identity can change, you sexual orientation can change.

“Micro performances that continuously signal our identity to ourselves and to others” – The way we act, whatever choice we make or the way we decide to portray ourselves, in small ways, is a form of out identity being shown.

“Myths reinforce male power as the norm because males are the more naturally dominant gender” – Shows that a male dominant society is factual and proven.

David Gauntlet quotes:

“Tradition dominates the notion of who we are and is heavily determined by long standing social forces” – Commonplace traditions and ideas that are instilled in out cultures heavily determines who we are when we grow up, including out gender identity.

“We are transitioning from a society in which our identities were constructed via rigid traditions to a distinctly different phase that he calls ‘late modernity” – Our ideologies based from our cultures and traditions are slowly becoming less important and less involved with who we are in modern times.

“Marketing and advertising agencies construct multiple possibilities of who we might be through products branding” – Modern and post advertising manipulate and change how we view the world and certain topics and creates possibilities of who we might become when we mature.

“Social roles of gender in a traditionally ordered society” – Society orders and puts either gender in certain gender roles.

“Transformations offered suggest that our identities are not fixed” – In games, you begin as the weakest version of themselves and as you progress you gain happiness, this gives motivation to find and change who we are

feminist critical thinking

Laura Mulvey – The male gaze where the heterosexual male fines satisfaction to women being treated as a sexual object

Jean Kilbourne –  How females are presented in adverts, idea of abuse, institutional behavior stems from sexualised female adverts and it was seen as acceptable

Toril Moi – The differences between female, feminist and feminine.

There are 3 waves of feminism:

1st wave of feminism: Women’s suffrage committee, international council of women, British suffragettes.

2nd wave of feminism: 60s civil rights movement, women’s equal rights

3rd wave of feminism: individualism and diversity 

Virginia Woolf (Jan 25, 1882 – Mar 28, 1941)

Virginia Woolf is called the foremother of the feminist movement. She is called foremother because there are many reasons for it. The first and foremost reason of this is because she has to face all the circumstances in her own life. She used to live in a society where there is no room for girl’s education.

Feminist Critical Thinking

Toril Moi defines and differentiates the following as:

Feminist – a political position
Female – a matter of biology
Feminine – a set of culturally defined characteristics

THIRD WAVE FEMINISM

  • Began in the early 1990s
  • Coined by Naomi Wolf
  • A response to the generation gap between the feminist movement of the 1960s and ’70s
  • Sees women’s lives as intersectional
  • It demonstrates a pluralism towards race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender and nationality when discussing feminism
  • individual and do-it-yourself (DIY) tactics
  • fluid and multiple subject positions and identities
  • cyberactivism
  • the reappropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ and ‘bitch’ for liberatory purposes
  • sex positivity

Raunch Culture
According to Ariel Levy, in her book Female Chauvinist Pigs, ‘raunch culture’ is the idea of liberation and involves new freedoms for sexual exhibition, experimentation and presentation. However, it may also be playing out the same old patterns of exploitation, objectification and misogyny.

Raunch culture is the sexualised performance of women in the media that can play into male stereotypes of women as highly sexually available, where its performers believe they are powerful owners of their own sexuality‘ – Hendry & Stephenson

bell hook
bell hook (always spelt in lower case – real name: Gloria Jean Watkins) advocates media literacy, the need to engage with popular culture to understand class struggle, domination, renegotiation and revolution.
in a postcolonial context, women carry the double burden of being colonized by imperial powers and subordinated by colonial and native men

feminist critical thinking

Laura Mulvey- male gaze women are a sexual desire

Toril Moi difference between female feminist and feminine

Jean Kilbourne- how are females seen in adverts, idea of abuse, instituational behaviour stems from sexualised female adverts and it was seen as acceptable

3 waves of feminism

2nd wave feminism in the 60’s was about civil rights, equal rights for women (equal pay, decriminalisation of abortion, exposes mechanisms of patriarchy

1st wave of feminism -British suffragettes, international council of women, international alliance of women

Virgina Woolf was part of first wave feminism said that women don’t have equal opportunities and were encouraged not to pursue their ambitions but instead stay home and do housework

Simone De Beauvoir fighted for justice and wanted women

Feminist critical thinking

Feminist – A political position
Female – A matter of biology
Feminine – A set of defined characteristics

1st Wave Feminism

sexism was coined by analogy with the term racism in the American civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Defined simply, sexism refers to the systematic ways in which men and women are brought up to view each other antagonistically, on the assumption that the male is always superior to the female

(Michelene Wandor 1981:13)

2nd Wave Feminism

the feminist literary criticism of today is the product of the women’s movement of the 1960’s’

(Barry 2017:123)

feminist critical thinking

feminist – a political position

sexism was coined by analogy with the term racism in the American civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Defined simply, sexism refers to the systematic ways in which men and women are brought up to view each other antagonistically, on the assumption that the male is always superior to the female‘(Michelene Wandor 1981:13)

after the first wave of feminism, which was galvanised by organisations such as, the British Women’s Suffrage Committee (1867), the International Council of Women (1888), the The International Alliance of Women (1904), and so on who, in early part of the 20th Century, worked to get women the right to vote.

all this should not be seen as a straightforward displacement of dominant conservative attitudes‘ .(Johnathon Dollimore 1983:59)

First wave feminsim – Notes

Looking at the construction of being male and female. It is about civil rights. Equal rights for women, sex discrimination app. In 60’s, second wave of feminism. It started about 50 years ago, of the second wave of feminism.

The radical stance of #MeToo to the Free the Nipple campaign, which Miley Cyrus endorsed and supported (which may encourage you to re-evaluate your initial reading of her video Wrecking Ball above)

feminist critical thinking

1st wave feminism

‘sexism was coined by analogy with the term racism in the American civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Defined simply, sexism refers to the systematic ways in which men and women are brought up to view each other antagonistically, on the assumption that the male is always superior to the female‘

(Michelene Wandor 1981:13)

2nd wave feminism

‘the feminist literary criticism of today is the product of the women’s movement of the 1960’s’

(Barry 2017:123)

 Facilitation of of birth control and divorce, the acceptance of abortion and homosexuality, the abolition of hanging and theatre censorship, and the Obscene Publications Act (1959)