Narration/ Unreliable Narrator – An unreliable narrator is an untrustworthy storyteller, most often used in narratives with a first-person point of view. The unreliable narrator is either deliberately deceptive or unintentionally misguided, forcing the reader to question their credibility as a storyteller.
Backstory – A backstory is the history and background of your character, the events and experiences that shaped their personality, motivations, and goals. A well-crafted backstory can make your character more believable, relatable, and engaging for the audience.
Flashback/ flashforward – ANALEPSIS AND PROLEPSIS: What is commonly referred to in film as “flashback” and “flashforward.” In other words, these are ways in which a narrative’s discourse re-order’s a given story: by “flashing back” to an earlier point in the story (analepsis) or “flashing forward” to a moment later in the chronological sequence.
Linear/ Non-Linear Narrative – Linear narratives are the most common form. Sometimes, however, a film might work better with a non-linear plot which presents some or all of the events in a non-chronological order. Sometimes film-makers might begin their story by showing us the final scenes first.
Ellipsis – It is there to suggest an action by simply showing what happens before and after what is observed. The vast majority of films use ellipses to clear actions that add nothing to the narrative. Beyond these “convenience” ellipses, ellipses are also used to advance the story.
Framing Device – a narrative technique in which a story is surrounded (“framed”) by a secondary story, creating a story within a story, often through Separate Scene Storytelling. The inner story is usually the bulk of the work. The framing device places the inside story within a different context.
Cliff-hanger/ Closed endings – A cliffhanger is hoped to incentivize the audience to return to see how the characters resolve the dilemma. The 1914 film serial Perils of Pauline was shown in bi-weekly instalments and ended with a cliff-hanger.
Macguffin – is a plot device used in films or books that sets the characters into motion and drives the story. A MacGuffin is an object, idea, person, or goal that the characters are either in pursuit of or which serves as motivation for their actions. Usually, the MacGuffin is revealed in the first act.
Foreshadowing – Foreshadowing means hinting about what is to come during later events. It creates expectations about how things might play out as your script continues.
Alignment/ POV – describes the process by which spectators are placed in relation to characters in terms of access to their actions and to what they know and feel.
Causality – One beat of the story should lead naturally and logically to the next plot point or else we will become confused and lose interest in the narrative. This cause-and-effect relationship between events is known as causality.
In Media res – In Medias Res is a Latin phrase meaning “in the midst of things.” Writers in the world of literature and film use it to describe a story or movie scene that begins with a protagonist at a later point in the narrative. By this point, a good deal of action has taken place.
Masterplot/ subplot – masterplots are just “skeletal” stories that recur again and again (by skeletal I mean that a given structure is what recurs, rather than its content).
In fiction, a subplot or side story is a secondary strand of the plot that is a supporting side story for any story or for the main plot. Subplots may connect to main plots, in either time and place or thematic significance.
Narrative Hook – In film, the hook is what grabs the viewer’s attention, preferably in the first 5–10 minutes, as a reader might expect to find a literary hook in the first chapter of a novel. During the pitch process, a screenwriter will use a hook to prove the “bankable” quality of their screenplay.
Plot Twist – A plot twist is a deviation from an expected story beat. Plot twists can take place at any time in a story, but they’re most commonly associated with endings (i.e.,” twist endings”). Writers frequently use plot twists to add nuance, shock, and surprise to formulaic narratives.