key theorists:

Torodov – Equilibrium

Todorov posited that all narratives contain equilibrium, disequilibrium, recognition, resolution, and new equilibrium.

Levi-Strauss – Binary oppositions

Levi Strauss, a French anthropologist in the 1900s, proposed a theory of ‘binary opposites’ which entails that the majority of narratives in media forms such as books and film contain opposing main characters. These binary opposites help to thicken the plot and further the narrative; and introduce contrast.

Propp – Spheres of action (Character types)

Propp argued that stories are character driven and that plots develop from the decisions and actions of characters and how they function in a story. He claimed characters could be classified into certain roles that progress a story

Vogler/Campbell – Hero’s journey

In brief, the Hero is living in the so-called “ordinary world” when he receives a call to adventure. Usually, the Hero is unsure of following this call — this phase is known as the “refusal of the call” — but is then helped by a mentor figure, who gives him counsel and convinces him to follow the call.

Barthes – Narrative codes

Those five narrative codes are; hermeneutic code, proairetic code, cultural code, connotative code, and symbolic code. This study applies qualitative research design to analyse the source of data.