The aperture controls the amount of light that enters through iris in the lens and is measured in f/stop ,you can adjust this by changing said f/stops.
Depth of field is defined as what is in focus in front and behind the subject, shallow depth in field has limited things in focus often with a blurred background this requires f/stop or f/2 or f/4 depth of field is defined by aperture the higher the number the more in focus an example of this would be f/16 or f/22
As seen here the aperture is f/2.8 meaning the depth
The Camera Obscura was originally created around 200 years ago. However, it’s not the world’s first camera as before them was pinhole cameras neither need a power source. They project in real time the landscape Infront of the camera onto the back walls of the room or box. This was how art first started becoming more detailed after the medieval period as painters would use the camera obscura method and paint it onto the walls and on canvases. In 1826 Joseph Niepce was the first known person to create the first photograph of a scene in Italy by using chemicals which change colours in the light to capture the scene projected.
Invented in 1841 next was “The Art Of Photogenic Drawing” where William Henry Fox used salt and silver nitrate to create what we now know as a Calotype. He used pressed plants on a sheet of chemicals and covered them in a glass sheet to print out the shape in the sun.
My Cyanotype
I made this piece in class by using leaves from outside collected on the school grounds. I then positioned them on the paper this way so it was clear what each one was and they weren’t over-lapping. I then left them outside in the sun with a glass sheet on-top till the paper had turned a noticeably different colour and left shadows of the plants I had placed there.
Louis Daguerre – Daguerreotype
The process of the Daguerreotype created in 1837 made it possible to turn the image inside of the Camera Obscura and preserve it. The Daguerreotype is made with a sheet of copper with a thin piece of silver which is polished until mirror like, then it’s a sensitised in a lighttight box with iodine and bromine vapours until it turns a yellow colour. This produces silver iodide. The sheet is then inserted into the camera without any light touching it. After that its fixed in a sodium and then intensified with gold chloride and washed in water. The images mirror the reality of the pose due to the Daguerreotype process.
In 1851 Frederrick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process. This was revolutionary in the evolution of photography as it took only 2-3 seconds of light to create an image compared to the 1 to 5 minutes it took previously. However, Richard Maddox realised his health had been affected due to the ether vapours from this process and began his search for a replacement. He produced the idea in 1871 of coating cadmium bromide and silver nitrate in gelatine on a glass plate. This made it possible for cameras to be small enough to be hand-held.
George Eastman
Eastman tried for 3 years to create a formula and by 1880 invented the correct formula. He also invented a machine capable of creating these plates at a fast rate which made it possible for him to manufacture and sell to other photographers which is when he started his company in London due to the high rates of businesses in the area henry Strong was very impressed, so he invested some money into it. In 1892 the company as renamed the Eastman Kodak company as photography developed further.
After Eastman realised that the plates were making the photographers hands “go bad” he started the trade with the idea of film in rolls the venture was immediately successful but the paper grain was prone to showing up through the picture. This sparked Eastmans new idea to coat the paper in soluble gelatine and the insoluble light sensitive gelatine. With the Kodak camera in 1888 photography was ready available to pretty much everyone
The 1960s space race also drove photographers to think of a new way to take photos as film would be impractical to take to space. NASA used a magnetic tape recorder to send the tv camera into electrical impulses to send back to earth and they had the first photo of mars. Later Sasson took one of the later models of a movie camera and connected it to the most recent CCD electronic sensor and created a prototype. The company Sony then created a version small enough to hold and sell in a shop the Sony Mavica the first known digital camera.
The aperture is the opening in the lens that allows light to enter the camera and onto the sensor or film. The size of this opening can be adjusted by changing the aperture settings. Take a look at the picture of a lens aperture above. Notice the adjustable blades that can move to adjust the size of the opening.
Here the foreground is out of focus and the subject is in the background in focus
If you want everything in your image to be sharp and in focus, then you’ll want to use a small aperture (large f-stop number). This is often desirable for landscape shots, group photos, and other situations where you want everything to be sharp.
This is depicted here , the foreground and background is in focus although the focus is clearly on the subject.
Shown here is the details of the photo which include :
f/29 , ISO 250 1/60 seconds which explains how the photo is all in focus.
Ralph Eugene
Ralph Eugene was living as an optician whilst simultaneously creating images that surrounded themes of children , masks , movement and dolls giving his photos an eerie feeling
“Creative pictures must be felt in a similar way as one listens to music, emotionally, without expecting a story, information or facts.”
Ralph Eugene Meat yard
To take inspiration from Eugene I decided to edit one of my aperture photos to reflect the style of his photos.
This image inspired me as i was drawn to the use of light to create a silhouette so i decided to incorporate them into my work.
Here i edited the picture to accentuate the shadows in the photo , then i increased the highlights and whites to replicate the eerie feeling shown in Eugenes photos
I then converted the image to be black and white following the theme of Ralph Eugenes images
This is the final image that was produced.
When putting the two photos together its clear the resemblance of the backlighting to create an outline of the subject
Famous for his use of water , light and colour to create inticing and eye catching imagery
Ernst Haas (March 2, 1921 – September 12, 1986) was an Austrian-American photojournalistand color photographer. During his 40-year career Haas trod the line between photojournalism and art photography. In addition to his coverage of events around the globe after World War II Haas was an early innovator in color photography. His images were carried by magazines like Life and Vogue and, in 1962, were the subject of the first single-artist exhibition of color photography at New York’s Museum of Modern Art. He served as president of the cooperative Magnum Photos. His book of volcano photographs, The Creation (1971), remains one of the most successful photography books ever published, selling more than 350,000 copies.[1]
Ernst Haas pioneered the use of color photography at a time when it was considered inferior to black-and-white as a medium for serious creative photographers.
Camera obscura consists of using a box, tent, or room. The space needs to have a small hole in one side or at the top. Light from the outside passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where the scene is reproduced, inverted upside-down and reversed left to right, but with colour and perspective preserved. Camera obscuras was invented even before 400BC. The earliest recording of a camera obscurer was provided by a Chinese philosopher called Mo-Tzu in 400B
image by English School (19th Century)
Nicephorus Niepce
•Nicephorus Niepce was born on march 7th in Chalon-sur-Saone, France and died on July 5th, 1833 at 68 years old, he went to school at the Oratorian Brothers physics and chemistry were his passion. In 1788 he left The Oratories and enlists in the National Guard in his home town. He is know for capturing the first photograph in 1826 he used camera obscura and pewter plate coated with a light-sensitive material called Bitumen of Judea to capture and fix images. He was also the man who invented the first camera. As well as being one of earliest pioneers of photography.
image by Leonard Francois Berger
Louis Daguerre
•Louis Daguerre was born on November 18th in Cormeilles near Paris, During his life he was famous for inventing the first practical process of photography, known as daguerreotype. Daguerreotype was introduced in the world of photography in 1939 and it’s a way to create a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative, this process requires a great care. Photographer no longer use this process because they discovered other ways that way less expensive such as ambrotype.
A daguerreotype of Daguerre around 1844
Henry Fox Talbot
Henry Fox Talbot was born on 11 February 1800 in Millbury, Henry was credited as the British inventor of photography. In 1834 he discovered how to edited and fix images through the action of light and chemistry on paper. He used negatives to make multiple prints and this process resulted in image making. Talbot invented a process for creating light-fast and permanent photographs that was the first made available to the public.
Richard Maddox
Richard Leash Maddox was born on August 4, 1816 in Bath, United kingdom. He was an English photographer and physician who invented lightweight gelatine negative dry plates for photography in 1871. Dry plate are pieces of glass plate that get covered with a gelatine emulsion and get exposed to the light that will then capture an image. The wet plait process was easy replaced by the dry plate process because it was cheaper.
George Eastman
George Eastman was born on July 12th, 1854, New York. He was best known for changing the world through his entrepreneurial spirit, George invented the camera called The Brownie in 1900 he created a series of cameras that introduced the snapshot. The brownie was a basic cardboard box camera with simple convex-concave lens that took 21/4-inch square pictures on NO. 117 roll film. It was a related innovation after he realize that existing photographic equipment was extremely unwieldy. In the 1880s Eastman developed convenient method of preparing ready-to-use plates. Improvement’s let to flexible, roll film as well as photo processing an printing done by mail order.
image owned by the George Eastman Museum
Digital Photography
Digital photography use camera containing arrays of electric photodetectors interfaced to an analogue-to-digital converter to produce images focused by lens, as opposed to an exposure on photography film, it replicates the process of traditional film photography, but it sues the electric sensor, rather than film, co capture images. Digital cameras are more convenient than film cameras, and because buying and developing is not necessary, it becomes cheaper. Also the picture can instantly be seen on the monitor and if needed retaken.
It’s called this name because it’s about 200 years old , this name comes from the Latin words for ‘dark’ (obscura) and ‘room’ (camera)
The camera obscura is something where you can perfectly capture the world around you by projecting what’s outside in a dark room, also a power source is not needed. This is not ‘magic’ but useful science, before them was pinhole cameras which had been round for several hundreds of years. But until the early 1600s CE that they were able to make lenses of higher enough quality to create more flexible cameras with bigger openings, this meant that letting in more light to create a brighter and higher quality images.
Draughtsman and other painters once used a camera obscura like this for making accurate detailed sketches of scenes such as landscapes or architecture.
It was useful for capturing perspective, accurately representing the height, width, depth and relative position of what you can see in the 3D world on a 2D flat surface.
how dose it work
Above a rather theatrical curtain that surrounds the darkened chamber, there’s a large lens in a wooden panel. This lens focuses the light from the scene outside down into a mirror which is held at a 45degree angle behind it on inside. It reflects rays of light into a piece of paper or canvas, which is laid out flat on the base inside a wooden box.
To see the image, you need you cover yourself with a piece of black cloth to stop any other surrounding light from getting into the box. And because this uses a lens which creates a relatively big aperture, you get a sharp, colorful image on the the paper, like a mini video feel of the outside world.
who used a camera obscura?
Because the light is bouncing off the mirror, you see the image the right way up. But the lens causes the image to flip (or invert) so it’s also the wrong way round.
That meant artists using a camera obscura would have to trace the final image in reverse.
There is plenty of evidence that masters like Canaletto and Rembrandt used the camera obscura — but other artists may have been more secretive.
People still debate whether the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer used a camera obscura to capture the incredible detail in his exquisite paintings of domestic scenes. Although there’s no written evidence to prove it either way, art historians think, on balance, that he probably did!
Nicephorus Niepce
Born on the 7th March 1765
Died 5th July 1855, aged 68
he was a French inventor and one of the earliest pioneers of photography. Niepce developed heliography, a technique he used to create the world’s oldest surviving products of a photographic process. In the mid-1820s, he used a primitive camera to produce the oldest surviving photograph of a real-world scene. Among Niepce’s other inventions was the Pyrophore, one of the world’s first internal combustion engines, which he conceived, created, and developed with his older brother Claude Niepce.
his early life
Niepce was born in Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire, where his father was a wealthy lawyer. His older brother Claude (1763–1828) was also his collaborator in research and invention, but died half-mad and destitute in England, having squandered the family wealth in pursuit of non-opportunities for the Pyrophore. Niepce also had a sister and a younger brother, Bernard.
Nicephore was baptized Joseph but adopted the name Nicephore, in honour of Saint Nicephorus the ninth-century Patriarch of Constantinople, while studying at the Oratorian college in Angers. At the college he learned science and the experimental method, rapidly achieving success and graduating to work as a professor of the college.
His photography
The exact timing of Joseph Nicephorus Niepce’s first photographic experiments is uncertain, but they stemmed from his interest in lithography and the camera obscura. By 1816, Niepce had captured small images on silver chloride-coated paper, though these resulted in negatives and were difficult to fix. Shifting to Bitumen of Judea, a light-sensitive asphalt used in etching, Niepce developed heliography, his method of creating permanent photographic images. In 1822, he made what is considered the first lasting photograph, though it was destroyed later. Surviving photo-etchings from 1825 are among his earliest works. Niepce’s successful camera photograph came between 1822 and 1827 and was rediscovered in 1952. In 1829, he partnered with Louis Daguerre to develop the physautotype, but after Niepce’s death in 1833, Daguerre continued alone, creating the daguerreotype. The French government bought Daguerre’s process, awarding him and Niepce’s estate stipends. Niepce’s contributions were initially overlooked, but he is now recognized as a pioneer of photography. His bitumen process, while impractical for early cameras, was used as an effective photoresist for printing plates well into the 20th century.
henry fox Talbot
He was born in 1800 and passed in 1877
And a graduate of trinity college, Cambridge and was recently elected liberal member of parliament in house of commons, he was a true polymath, his intellectual curiosity embraces the fields of mathematics, chemistry, astronomy and botany ; philosophy and phished ; Egyptology, the classics, and art history. He had published four books and twenty-seven scholarly articles on a variety of subjects and was a fellow of the astronomical, linnean, and royal societies
in January 1834, Talbot returned home to Laycock abbey, an amalgamation of buildings incorporating the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century remains of a former abbey about eighty-five miles west of London. within only a few mouths he was able to began to experiment with that had occurred to him at lake Como and soon found that a sheet of fine writing paper, which is coated with salt and brushed with a solution add silver nitrate, dark in the sun, and that a second coating of salt impeded further darkening or fading.
louis Daguerre – daguerreotype
The daguerreotype process made it possible to capture the image seen inside a camera obscure and preserve it as an object. It was the first practical photographic process and ushered in a new age of pictorial possibility.
the process was invented in 1837 by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre. in his work as the theatrical scene painter, Daguerre was familiar with the camera obscura, a device used to project a image of a brightly lit scene into a dark chamber. on 19th of august 1839, Daguerre’s announces Daguerre’s invention to the Académie des sciences and the Académie des beaux-arts in Paris. later Daguerre wrote a 79 page booklet, called Historique et description du procédé du Daguerreotype et du Diorama. in march 1840, Jules lion introduced the daguerreotype to new Orleans.
The daguerreotype process produces a highly detailed, a unique object. Its a direct-positive process, meaning no negative is made. To make a daguerreotype, you need a sheet of copper is plated with a thin coat of silver. This plate is then cleaned and polished to a mirror finish. Next, it is sensitized in a lighttight box with iodine and bromine vapours until its surface turns yellow. The reaction between the iodine vapor and the silver coating produces light-sensitive silver iodide.
Once it is sensitized, the plate is kept in a lightproof container, which is inserted directly into a camera, where the exposure is made. Development is then accomplished by placing the exposed plate face down over a source of heated mercury fumes until the image appears. Chemically, the mercury merges, or amalgamates, which will have a silver creating a milky white image. the image is fixed and prevented from undergoing any further development, which is in a solution of sodium chloride or table salt. later the sodium thiosulfate, a hyposulfite of soda or hypo, filled this role. the plate is treated with gold chloride, which intensifies the image. finally the plate is washed in distilled water and then dried.
exposure times for early daguerreotype ranged from 3 to 15 minutes, but after the improvements to the lenses and the introduction for bromine, which increases the sensitivity of the silver components on the plate, which was possible to make a portrait with an exposure of about 1 minute.
initially, daguerreotype were presented to the sitter in a book like case of embossed paper or leather. the fragile plate was protected by a Cover Glass and was sealed inside a preserver frame and brass mat. later the union case, as it was known, was moulded from a material called thermoplastic.
due to the nature of the process, daguerreotype are made into mirror images of their subjects, as reversed from right to lift. this illusion is hardly noticeable in portraits but quite obvious in urban views or any images containing lettering.
Richard Maddox
An anthropologist, also holds advanced degrees in religious studies and humanities. He has done fieldwork in Mexico, Ecuador, and primarily in Spain. His general interests are in the relation between cultural meanings and practices and the exercise of political and economic power. He is the author of the ethnographic and historical study, El Castillo: The Politics of Tradition in an Andalusian Town, which won the President’s Book Award of the Social Science History Association and the Robert E. Park Award of the Urban and Community Studies Section of the American Sociological Association. More recently, he published a study of state and public culture, The Best of All Possible Islands: Seville’s Universal Exposition, the New Spain, and the New Europe. His current research interests include microhistory, processes of Europeanization and globalization, the cultural politics of European liberalisms, regionalism and nationalism, and the transformation of the countryside in Spain and Europe
education – PhD Stanford University 1988
Publications
“Euro liberal Pastoralism and Rural Development in Southern Spain,” in Landscape, Heritage, and Conservation (Carolina Academic Press, 2010).
“Lived in Hegemonies and Biographical Fragments: Micro steps toward a Counter history of the Spanish Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy,” in Small Worlds: Meaning and Method in Microhistory (The School of American Research Press, 2008).
The Best of All Possible Islands: Seville’s Universal Exposition, the New Spain, and the New Europe (State University of New York Press, 2004).
“Intimacy and Hegemony in the New Europe,” in Off Stage/On Display: Intimacy and Ethnography in the Age of Public Culture, Andrew Sharrock, ed. (Stanford University Press, 2004).
“The Politics of Space and Identity in a Europe without Borders: Cosmopolitan Liberalism, Expo ’92, and Seville,” Irish Journal of Anthropology (1998).
“Founding a Convent in Seventeenth Century Spain: Cultural History, Hegemonic Processes and the Historical Subject,” Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice (1998).
“Bombs, Bikinis, and the Popes of Rock n’ Roll: Reflections on Resistance, the Play of Subordinations, and Cultural Liberalism in Andalusia and Academia, 1983-1995” in Gupta and Ferguson, eds., Culture, Power, and Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology (Duke University Press, 1997).
“Revolutionary Anticlericalism and Hegemonic Processes in an Andalusian Town, August 1936” AmericanEthnologist (1995).
“Culture, Schooling, and the Politics of Class Identity in an Andalusian Town,” Comparative Education Review (1994).
El Castillo: The Politics of Tradition in an Andalusian Town (University of Illinois Press, 1993).
George Eastman
he was a high school dropout, who was judged ” not especially gifted” when he measured against the academic standards of the day, he was poor, however even as a young man, he took it upon him self to support hid widowed mother and two sisters, one of which had polio.
he began his business career as a 14 year old office boy in an insurance company and followed that with work as a clerk in a local bank.
he was George Eastman and his ability is to overcome financial adversity, his gift for organisation and management, and his lively and inventive mind made him successful in entrepreneur by his mid-twenties, and enabled him to direct his Eastman Kodak company to the forefront of American industry.
however building a multinational corporation and emerging as one of the nations most important industries required dedication and sacrifice. it would not come easy.
His Boyhood
The youngest of three children, George Eastman was born to Maria Kilbourn and George Washington Eastman on July 12, 1854 in the village of Waterville, some 20 miles southwest of Utica, in upstate New York. The house on the old Eastman homestead, where his father was born and where George spent his early years, has since been moved to the Genesee Country Museum in Mumford, N.Y., outside of Rochester
When George was five years old, his father moved his family to Rochester. There the elder Eastman devoted his energy to establishing Eastman Commercial College. Then tragedy struck. George’s father died, the college failed and the family became financially distressed.
George continued his schooling until he was 14. Then, he was forced by family circumstances, he had to find a job to help he family. .
His first job, as a messenger boy with an insurance firm, paid $3 a week. One year later, he became office boy for another insurance firm. Through his own initiative, he soon took charge of policy filing and even wrote policies. From this his pay increased to $5 per week.
But, even with that increase, his income was not enough to meet family expenses. so he decided to study accounting at home in the evenings to get a better paying job.
In 1874, after five years in the insurance business, he was hired as a junior clerk at the Rochester Savings Bank. then his salary tripled — to more than $15 a week.
Kodak (brownie)
Digital Photography
1957 – The First Digital Image
Let’s go back to the middle of the 20th century. Photography – on film – is as popular as it has ever been, made incredibly accessible by affordable, portable 35mm SLR and rangefinder cameras. These find their way into the hands of news people and enthusiasts alike – and as far as most are concerned, they do everything photographers need them to.
All the same, some researchers have started to awaken to the possibilities that rapidly evolving digital technologies might have for image-making. In 1951, a team of Ampex Corporation researchers led by Charles Ginsberg invented a contraption that could take live images from a camera and store them as electrical impulses on magnetic tape. It would be sold in 1956, under the catchier and more familiar name of ‘video recorder’.
For the first thing we might think of as a digital photograph, however, we’d have to wait until 1957. At this point in the story, we meet one Russell Kirsch.
Kirsch was by all accounts a regular all-American guy. He worked a steady job at the National Bureau of Standards, and his wife Joan had a baby on the way. However, Kirsch wasn’t working just any job – he and his colleagues had in 1950 developed the USA’s first operational stored-program computer, known as the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer, or SEAC.
This computer would be used for all sorts of applications until its last run in 1964, from statistical analysis to meteorology. but, it was Russell Kirsch who first looked at the hulking machine – which back then was considered to be a relatively slimline computer – and had the thought, ‘Gee, y’know, we could probably load a picture into this thing.’
Kirsch and the team built their own drum scanner that would allow them to ‘trace variations of intensity over the surfaces of photographs’. With this, they were able to make the first digital scans. One of the first – possibly the very first – was an image of Russell Kirsch’s new-born son, Walden Kirsch.
By modern standards, this image wasn’t much of anything. It measured just 173 pixels on each side and covered an area of 5x5cm. It had a bit depth of one bit per pixel – it could only classify pixels as black or white, so the team made the shades of grey by compositing several scans done at different intensity thresholds.
Despite its technical limitations, this image would take its place in history. All digital imaging – from security footage to press photography to Uncle Bob’s iPad photos of his niece’s wedding – would follow on from this picture of Walden. It would go on to be honoured by Life magazine in 2003 as one of the “100 photographs that changed the world” – which it most certainly did.
Camera obscura is a dark room with a hole in one wall. When it’s light outside, light shines into the hole and projects an upside-down image of the outside world onto the wall. The image is projected upside down due to light travelling in a straight line through the hole.
Camera obscura built the groundwork for light and optics used in photography. Due to it being a natural phenomenon it makes it hard to pinpoint the exact origins of photography.
Henry Fox Talbot
William Henry Fox Talbot was made the British inventor of photography. Photogenic drawing paper was invented by Henry Fox Talbot in 1834. Silver Nitrate and Sodium Chloride were used to make the light-sensitive Silver Chloride. Before he got into using small wooden cameras, nicknamed mouse-traps by his wife, he made images using plants (he studied plants). Unless it was fixed, the image would fade as fast as it was created. He used Sodium Chloride, Potassium Iodide, and Potassium Bromide for his early fixers. His Early images are very rare and priceless.
Daguerreotype
Daguerreotypes are direct positives, made from copper plated with silver without needing a negative.
The Daguerreotype was not as successful as Talbot’s system because it had serious limitations, the mirror like surface of the image could only be viewed from a narrow angle and the process produced a one of a kind image that did not permit printing duplicates.
George Eastman
George Eastman was born on July 12th 1854. He was an American entrepreneur who introduced the first Kodak camera.
He formed the company Kodak by spending decades developing a camera that was much smaller in size and accessible for everyone to use. He publicly launched the first successful roll-filled hand camera in 1888. Which was known as the Kodak camera.
Kodak (Brownie)
The Brownie was a series of cameras first released in 1900 which were developed by Eastman Kodak. These cameras were so significant as they were the first to allow average middle class people to buy and use them. People would take photographs then return them to Kodak where the images were developed and printed. Kodak would re-fill the film and return the images and camera back to the owner. This created a sustainable system for the general public to create their own images.
Digital Photography
The first digital image was created by Russell Kirsch in 1957.
First digitally scanned image of Walden Kirsch.
The image was of Kirsch’s son Walden, the image only measured 176 pixels on a side and was just 5 cm by 5 cm.
The foundation for digital photography was built in 1969 by the Eastman Kodak team. Engineer William Boyle and Physicist George E. Smith created the charge-coupled device (CCD). This enabled electronic images to be captured.
In 1975, Steve Sasson invented the world’s first self- contained digital camera for Kodak, which changed the future of photography. He made the camera using a movie camera lens, a handful of Motorola parts, 16 batteries and some electronic sensors.
William Collie
In Jersey, William Collie was most likely the first to use Fox Talbot’s calotype process. He was from Scotland but had business in Jersey in Belmont road and Bath street from before 1850 to 1878. He held an important position in Britain’s early development of photography but sadly, he isn’t well known and very few of his images are available.
