Meaning of Landscape
Landscape refers to the visible features of an area of land, often depicted in art or photography to showcase its natural beauty. In artistic terms, it describes works that focus primarily on natural scenery such as mountains, rivers, forests, and fields.
Emergence of Landscape as a Genre in Western Culture
Landscape painting began to emerge as an independent genre in Western art during the Renaissance (15th–16th centuries). However, it remained secondary to historical, religious, and portrait painting. It gained prominence as artists began incorporating more detailed backgrounds into their works.
Classical Landscape Genre
Classical landscape painting became a distinct genre in the 17th century, particularly in the works of artists like Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin. These artists created idealized, harmonious landscapes influenced by classical antiquity, often incorporating mythological or historical themes.
Rise of Landscape Art in the Late 18th / 19th Century
The rise of landscape art during this period was influenced by several factors:
- Romanticism: Artists sought to express emotions and the sublime power of nature, as seen in the works of Caspar David Friedrich and J.M.W. Turner.
- Industrial Revolution: As cities grew and industrialization changed rural life, people became more nostalgic for untouched nature.
- Scientific Exploration: Increased interest in geology and natural sciences led to a fascination with documenting landscapes.
- National Identity: Many countries, including the U.S. and Britain, used landscape art to celebrate national pride and beauty, as seen in the Hudson River School and John Constable’s works.
Origin of Landscape Photography
Landscape photography originated in the mid-19th century, with early pioneers like Carleton Watkins, William Henry Jackson, and Eadweard Muybridge capturing dramatic scenes of the American West. The development of better cameras and exposure techniques allowed photographers to document landscapes in ways previously reserved for painters.