What is Identity?

Identity in photography explores how we see ourselves as a person but also how we see ourselves in relation to others. The photograph or image is the physical manifestation of an individual experiencing the indexical world. A photograph acts as a tangible representation of the subject and who they are perceived as/how they perceive themselves.

What is Femininity?

Femininity is typically used by feminist photographers to turn a medium used traditionally to reinforce gender norms into a powerful tool of transformation and emancipation, rethinking what it means to express ourselves through photography, as well as the types of people and places that are considered worthy of being captured in an artistic way.

What is Masculinity?

Masculinity is usually defined as the social expectations of being a man: The term ‘masculinity’ refers to the roles, behaviours and attributes that are considered appropriate for boys and men in a given society. Masculinity is constructed and defined socially, historically and politically, rather than being biologically driven. Similar to femininity, masculine identity photography can be used to defy social gender norms and stereotypes with powerful images.

Factors That Influence Identity

Our identities can be influenced by place, belonging, as well as your environment or upbringing.

Gender identity – Gender identity refers to an individual’s internal understanding and experience of their own gender. This identity may align with the sex assigned to them at birth or may diverge from it. For the majority of people, the biological factors associated with sex are in harmony with their gender identity. Gender expression, which encompasses the behaviours, attitudes, and appearances that convey one’s gender, often mirrors an individual’s gender identity; however, this alignment is not universally applicable. Consequently, a person may exhibit traits and behaviours associated with a specific gender role without these expressions accurately representing their true gender identity.

Cultural identity – Cultural identity constitutes a significant aspect of an individual’s overall identity, encompassing their self-conception and self-perception. It is intricately linked to various factors such as nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generational influences, geographical location, gender, and any social group that possesses a unique cultural framework. Consequently, cultural identity reflects both the individual and the collective characteristics of a group of individuals who share similar cultural backgrounds or experiences. This identity is not static; rather, it is a dynamic process that evolves in response to social, cultural, and historical contexts. Individuals may experience varying degrees of change in their cultural identity, with some undergoing more frequent transformations, while others maintain a more stable cultural identity.

Social identity – Social identity is the portion of an individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. Social identities are shaped through a process of differentiation that is defined in a relative or adaptable manner, depending upon the activities in which individuals participate.

Geographical identity – Geographical identity, or place-based identity, encompasses a collection of concepts related to the interrelationship between place and identity across various disciplines, including geography, urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture, interior design, spatial design, environmental psychology, ecocriticism, and urban sociology.

Political identity – Political identity is a type of social identity that shows a person’s connection to groups fighting for a specific kind of power. This can involve aligning with a political party, but it also includes views on particular political issues, feelings of nationalism, relationships between different ethnic groups, or broader ideological ideas.

Lack of/loss of identity – Loss of identity is personal psychosocial conflict (especially in adolescence) that involves confusion about one’s social role and often a sense of loss of continuity to one’s personality. It can be caused by a wide range of factors, including but not limited to beginning/ending relationships as well as loss of loved ones, traumatic events and moving to a new place.

Stereotypes – Stereotypes are traits that society automatically assigns to different groups of people based on things like their age, weight, job, skin colour, gender, and more. Examples include men not being allowed to cry due to it being perceived as weakness by society and women typically being associated with house roles such as being in the kitchen and looking after children.

Prejudices – Prejudice is a judgment formed against someone, typically of a certain appearance/skin colour/culture etc without any real evidence or personal experience.

What is Identity ?

Identity in photography looks at how we perceive ourselves as individuals and how we relate to those around us. A photograph serves as a tangible representation of a person engaging with the world around them.

What is Femininity ?

Feminist photographers have taken a medium that was usually used to support traditional gender roles and transformed it into a strong means of change and freedom. They have redefined what photographic self-expression can be and challenged the ideas of what subjects and settings are worthy of being represented in an artistic way.

What is Masculinity ?

Masculinity is about showing certain attitudes and behaviours that represent being male, and it also includes how men and women acknowledge and recognize these traits in each other.

These three things can be influenced by your up bringing or place, some other influence’s include:

Gender identity – Gender identity refers to how someone personally understands their own gender. It can match the sex they were assigned at birth, or it can be different. For many people, their biological traits align with their gender identity. Usually, how someone expresses their gender—like their behaviors and appearance—shows their gender identity, but that’s not always true. A person might act or look a certain way that fits a specific gender role, but that doesn’t always mean it represents their true gender identity.

Cultural identity – Cultural identity plays a significant role in shaping who a person is, influencing how they see themselves and how others see them. It connects to various aspects like nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, location, gender, and any social group that has its own unique culture. Essentially, cultural identity reflects both the individual and the group of people who share similar cultural backgrounds or experiences.

 Social identity – Social identity refers to the part of a person’s self-image that comes from their perceived membership in a specific social group. This idea was first developed by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner during the 1970s and 1980s. Their social identity theory aimed to explain how people behave in groups. It looks at the concepts of ‘ingroup’ and ‘outgroup’ and suggests that our identities are shaped by how we see ourselves in relation to others, which can change based on the activities we participate in.

Geographical identity – Place identity, or place-based identity, is a concept that combines ideas about location and personal identity across various fields like geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, and environmental psychology. It’s often referred to as urban character, neighborhood character, or local character. Over the past 25 years, place identity has gained importance in urban planning and design. It focuses on how places hold meaning for the people who live and interact with them, and how these meanings shape individuals’ understanding of themselves.

Political identity – Political identity is a type of social identity that shows a person’s connection to groups fighting for a specific kind of power. This can involve aligning with a political party, taking stances on particular political issues, feeling a sense of nationalism, dealing with relationships between different ethnic groups, or engaging with broader ideological ideas.

Lack of or loss of identity – A person might struggle with self-identity for several reasons. This can include experiences from their childhood, like trauma, as well as pressure from society. Mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety, can also play a role, along with certain personality disorders, like borderline personality disorder, which is actually a factor used to diagnose it.

Stereotypes – Stereotypes are traits that society automatically assigns to different groups of people based on things like age, weight, job, skin colour, and gender. When it comes to sexual stereotyping, it means linking girls and boys to different, and sometimes conflicting, sets of traits.

What is it?

The fact of being, or feeling that you are, a particular type of person, organization, etc.; the qualities that make a person, organization, etc. different from others

What is femininity

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of women or girls.

What is Masculinity

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men or boys.

How can Identity be influenced?

Identity is shaped a lot by where we live, where we belong, and how we grow up. These things influence how we see ourselves and how others see us, especially when it comes to gender, culture, social roles, politics, or even feeling like we don’t have a clear identity.

Gender Identity

Where you grow up can play a big role in how you see your gender. Some places have strict ideas about what it means to be “male” or “female,” which might make it harder for people who don’t fit into those boxes to express themselves. On the other hand, living in a more open-minded community might give people the space to figure out and show who they really are. Family, school, and social circles also influence what we believe about gender, and stereotypes about things like being “tough” or “delicate” can make this even more complicated.

Cultural Identity

The culture you’re raised in—like its traditions, food, and language—becomes a big part of who you are. But that can shift if you grow up in a mix of cultures, like in a diverse city, or if you move to a new place. This can sometimes feel like juggling two (or more) identities. Stereotypes about certain cultures might also make you feel like you need to prove something or distance yourself from those assumptions.

Social Identity

The people and groups around you—friends, classmates, co-workers—shape your social identity. Feeling like you belong somewhere (a sports team, a community group, or even online spaces) can give you a sense of identity. But being excluded or not fitting in can make you question where you belong.

Geographical Identity

Where you’re from can feel like a huge part of your identity, whether it’s pride in your hometown, country, or even just your neighbourhood. At the same time, leaving that place or feeling disconnected from it—like moving far away—can make you feel a little lost.

Political Identity

Your political beliefs are often shaped by your environment—what your family values, the political climate where you live, or what issues are important to your community. These influences might push you to agree or rebel against what you grew up with.

Loss or Lack of Identity

Sometimes, people feel like they don’t have a solid identity—like if they’ve moved around a lot, been excluded from certain groups, or experienced discrimination. This can leave them searching for where they fit in. Stereotypes can make this worse by creating unfair expectations or making someone feel they can’t truly be themselves.

In the end, our identity is always evolving, influenced by the places and people around us. It’s about figuring out where we fit—and sometimes, creating a new space for ourselves.

What is identity ?

The fact of being who or what a person or thing is.

Identity is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a group. Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend their self-concept, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life.

What is femininity ?

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of women or girls.

Femininity, in the context of the Social Sciences, refers to a socializing ideology that encompasses various interpretations and expressions of being a woman. It is not a fixed set of essential traits, but rather a concept that defines and organizes gender-related practices and relationships.

what is masculinity ?

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men or boys.

Masculinity involves displaying attitudes and behaviours that signify and validate maleness, and involves being recognised in particular ways by other men and women.

Gender Identity

Gender identity is your deeply-held inner feelings of whether you’re female or male, both, or neither.

Cultural Identity

Your cultural identity is a critical piece of your personal identity that develops as you absorb, interpret, and adopt or reject the beliefs, values, behaviours, and norms of the communities in your life. Our cultural identity can evolve, as culture is ever-evolving and dynamic.

Social Identity

Social identity refers to the ways that people’s self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups. Examples include sports teams, religions, nationalities, occupations, sexual orientation, ethnic groups, and gender.

Geographical Identity

An individual or group’s sense of attachment to the country, region, city, or village in which they live.

Political Identity

Political identity is a form of social identity marking membership of certain groups that share a common struggle for a certain form of power. This can include identification with a political party, but also positions on specific political issues, nationalism, inter-ethnic relations or more abstract ideological themes

loss of Identity

A lack of self belief. Questioning value and worth – who am I without this job, role, title? Feeling lost without a sense of direction. Disconnected to personal values 

Stereotypes

Stereotypes are characteristics that society instinctively attributes to groups of people to classify them according to age, weight, occupation, skin colour, gender, etc. Sexual stereotyping involves associating girls and boys with separate and, at times, opposing sets of characteristics.

Creative Portraiture often refers to images that go beyond a single frame taken within a camera. Often creative portraiture combines images and other elements to create a final result also known as composite images.

DOUBLE/ MULTI-EXPOSURE:

Multiple exposures are photographs in which two or more images are superimposed in a single frame, and they’re super easy to create using your analogue camera.

Tiffany Sutton:

JUXTAPOSITION:

juxtaposition photography involves combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image.

MONTAGE:

Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image.

Man Ray:

Man Ray was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. He is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called “rayographs” in reference to himself.

These are some of Man rays photographs with surrealism.

My Edits:

This one of my edits that I have made with a photo of Nicha and another photo of a painting which I have then layered together and changed the opacity so your able to see the painting on top of her which makes it look like a reflection of the ocean.

This is a two photos of Chanel i have put together which makes it look like their is a ghost behind her. I layered the two photos together and changed the opacity of the photo in the background photo and added a filer onto it to have the translucent blue.

This is another photo of Nicha that I’ve taken, one with the scarf on her head the other without a scarf.

Moodboard:

 inspiration behind styles:

Double/Multi-Exposure:

Double/Multi exposure photography is when two photos are combined into one, creating a surreal or artistic effect. Originally done by exposing the same film twice, it’s now mostly achieved with photo editing software like Photoshop. The idea is to blend two images together, such as layering a person’s face over a landscape, so that they merge into something unique and visually striking. This technique is a fun way to tell a story or add a dreamlike, creative twist to your photos.

Juxtaposition:

Juxtaposition photography is when two contrasting or opposing elements are placed together in a single photo to create an interesting or thought-provoking effect. It’s all about showing differences, like combining old and new, light and dark, or nature and urban life, in one shot. This contrast can highlight unique details, create tension, or tell a story by making the viewer think about how the elements relate to each other. It’s a powerful way to capture striking visuals and evoke emotion or curiosity.

Montage photography is when multiple photos are combined into one image to create a new, layered story or concept. It’s like assembling a collage, where different pictures are placed together to show different perspectives or ideas in a single frame. This technique can mix elements of time, place, or even reality, allowing the photographer to convey a message or create a more complex visual narrative. It’s a creative way to blend different moments or subjects into one cohesive and often artistic image.

Own edits in style:

1. Research the photographer

About Cindy Sherman:

Answer these questions:

1. What photography movement was Cindy Sherman a key figure of? And what was their purpose?
2. What did she do before she became a photographer?
3. What are the key goals of her photography?
4. How does she achieve this goal (Who does she photograph? What personas are portrayed? What message is she trying to convey through her process?).
5. Does Cindy Sherman consider her photos to be self-portraits?

Key words:

• Pictures Generation
• Critique
• Mass media
• Female roles / personas
• Oppressive portrayal of women
• Self Portraits
• Guises
• Deception
• Stereotypes

 2. Analyse a chosen photo in depth:

Use the template below to help you analyse photos:

Visual:

1. Who is the character that Sherman is adopting and how can you tell this? (what is she wearing etc?)
2. What else can you see in the photo and where does it look like the photograph set? ​
3. How is the subject posed? ​What is the emotion/ mood of the subject?​
4. How is the subject framed? ​What does this add to the photo? Is it cramped? Spacious?
5. What do you think was going on before the photo was taken?
6. What tells you that something might be happening outside the frame?​
7. How does the title contribute to the photo?

Keywords:

• Housewife
• Feminine stereotypes
• Guarded
• Suspense
• Cramped
• Cinematic

Technical

• Aperture – Notice how the foreground objects are blurred… Does this mean it’s a wide or narrow aperture?
• Shutter speed – could be quite a fast shutter speed as the subject is in focus, with a balanced exposure
• Angle – Has it been taken from a slightly lowered angle or high angle? What does this contribute? Does it make you feel like you’re amongst the setting or outside of the setting.
• Is it a full body shot or half body shot? What does this add? Is it more or less intimate?

Contextual

Use the internet to help you unpack more about the history of how women are portrayed in the media

• Historically, how have women been portrayed in the media?
• What were Sherman’s ‘untitled film stills’ intended to resemble?

Conceptual

• Knowing that the photo is not a housewife, but in fact Sherman herself who is performing… what do you think the Film Stills are saying about cinema and mass media?
• How could it link to the media today?

Alternative photo analysis:

 

Visual:

1. Who is the character that Sherman is adopting and how can you tell this? (what is she wearing etc?)
2. What else can you see in the photo and where does it look like the photograph set? ​
3. How is the subject posed? ​What is the emotion/ mood of the subject?​
4. How is the subject framed? ​What does this add to the photo?
5. What do you think was going on before the photo was taken?
6. What tells you that something might be happening outside the frame?​
7. How does the title contribute to the photo?

Technical

• Aperture -Things in the background are in focus – Does the photo look like it is a wide or narrow aperture?
• Shutter speed – could be quite a fast shutter speed as the subject is in focus, with a balanced exposure
• Angle – What angle has it been taken from? What does this contribute? Does it make you feel like you’re amongst the setting or outside of the setting.
• Is it a full body shot or half body shot? What does this add? Does it feel safe or exposed?

Contextual

Use the internet to help you unpack more about the history of how women are portrayed in the media

• Historically, how have women been portrayed in the media?
• What were Sherman’s ‘untitled film stills’ intended to resemble?

Concept

• Knowing that the photo is not a housewife, but in fact Sherman herself who is performing… what do you think the Film Stills and Sherman’s approach is saying about cinema and mass media?
• How could it link to the media today?

Introduction

in this project we will be using many different lighting portraiture techniques to learn about the different techniques that can be done with a camera, light and a studio.

Split lighting

Split lighting is a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject’s face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. This splitting effect is achieved by a light source that is perpendicular to the subject illuminating directly from one specific side.

Normally, the key light is placed high and to one side at the front, and the fill light or a reflector is placed half-height and on the other side at the front, set to about half the power of the key light, with the subject, if facing at an angle to the camera, with the key light illuminating the far side of the face. The key in Rembrandt lighting is creating the triangle or diamond shape of light underneath the eye. One side of the face is lit well from the main light source while the other side of the face uses the interaction of shadows and light, also known as chiaroscuro , to create this geometric form on the face. The triangle should be no longer than the nose and no wider than the eye. This technique may be achieved subtly or very dramatically by altering the distance between subject and lights and relative strengths of main and fill lights.

this is my attempt of split lighting my model in the photo did a pose to show the split with in the lighting to show the difference with the lights, I couldn’t edit these photos because of a problem in Lightroom but even without editing this photo came out nicely

For this lighting technique you shine a light at half of your models face and it highlights one side of the models face, you can also angle the light so it shines at the reflector and then by using the reflector the background will be dark and the other side will be lighter and if you use a white infinite background it will be darker.

Gel lighting

In the realm of photography and cinematography, lighting gels are thin, transparent, coloured materials, typically made from polyester or polycarbonate. They’re primarily used to alter the colour and quality of light in a scene. When we say ‘gels,’ we’re referring to these sheets of magic that can drastically transform an image or video by modifying the light source’s colour.

The use of gels traces back to the early days of theatre and stage performances, long before they found their place in cinema and photography. Originally, gels were made from Gelatin (hence the name), which was dyed various colours. As technology advanced, more durable materials replaced Gelatin, and gels became a staple tool for photographers and cinematographers alike.

this is my attempt of using gel lightings i made one side blue and the other side red, this photo came out good i also edited it to make the colours a bit more vibrant. I think this is my best photo because one side the shadow is red with a blue background and the other side is a blue shadow with a re background which is making the photo more detailed.

for gel lighting technique you get two lights and put a gel sheet with a colour of choice and then one side of the model will be red for example and the other side will be blue and the shadows will be opposite.

Butterfly lighting

Butterfly lighting is a lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject’s face. This creates a dramatic shadow under the nose and chin that looks like a butterfly. It’s also called ‘Paramount lighting,’ named for the Hollywood studio and how they lit their most glamorous and beautiful actresses.

Butterfly lighting is perfect for portrait photography. It is one of the most flattering lighting techniques for sculpting facial features. Here’s a quick tutorial on butterfly lighting photography and how it works.

This is my best photo of using the butterfly lighting technique i edited this photo. I think this photo came out well because the butterfly lighting under the nose is very visible and the model in this photo is doing a passport styled photo.

This is how butterfly lighting works you get a light above the person you are photographing and then you get a reflector under the person and it reflects the light to the persons head

Rembrandt lighting

Rembrandt lighting is a standard lighting  technique that is used in studio portrait photography it is also used in contrast with butterfly It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment. Rembrandt lighting is characterized by an illuminated triangle (also called “Rembrandt pat) under the eye of the subject on the less illuminated side of the face. It is named for the Dutch painter Rembrandt, who occasionally used this type of lighting

i think this is the best photo of Rembrandt lighting i did because i tried a different type of editing and it came out very well, i like this style of editing because its black and white but you can still see the shadow.

This is a diagram of the Rembrandt lighting technique the reflector reflects the key light back into the model and it comes out with nice shadows upon the model.

from all the photos I flagged the photos that are good and then unflagged the ones that I didn’t want to use, from all the photos i marked as a pass I chose the ones that I liked the most

Honey Comb

A lighting honeycomb grid is a specialized accessory used in photography to control and manipulate the direction of light. It typically consists of a grid of cells or hexagons that attach to a light modifier such as a reflector or softbox. The purpose of the honeycomb grid is to narrow down the spread of light, allowing photographers to focus and guide the illumination precisely where they want it. By using a honeycomb grid, photographers can avoid light spillage, create more defined shadows, and enhance the overall impact of their images. This tool is particularly valuable in portrait photography and other scenarios where controlled and directional lighting is essential for achieving specific visual effects.

This is the best honey comb photo I got I mixed it with some gels as well. The red spotlight behind is my favourite thing in this photo as it describes the photo a lot. Also the light on the face is like a spotlight.

Conclusion

In conclusion I think that this project was entertaining and it shows the different possible techniques that can be done, but in my opinion the gel lighting was the best ones I done because we can get many different outcomes and it wont always be the same, on the other hand I also think split lighting was good because the way the light reflected was different to other ways and it was also fun to do.

this photo is taken indoor and soft artificial lighting is used from above, the environment that this photo is taken from a reception, with the gold frame above it interprets that it is a rich office, the frame in this photo is half body angle, the approach of this photo the guy is sat with a natural pose, the guy gives eye contact engagement with camera with a straight face so that everyone knows he is ready for business, the camera man uses wide lens, mid-range f-stop, tripod, medium ss, low iso.

August Sander

August Sander was a German photographer whose work documented the society he lived in. Lauded as one the most-important portrait photographers of the early 20th century, Sander focused his gaze on bricklayers, farmers, bakers, and other members of the community. “Nothing seemed to me more appropriate than to project an image of our time with absolute fidelity to nature by means of photography,” he once declared. “Let me speak the truth in all honesty about our age and the people of our age.” Born in Herdorf, Germany on November 17, 1876, Sanders learned photography during his military service in the city of Trier. By 1910, he had moved to a suburb of Cologne, spending his days biking along the roads to find people to photograph. By the time the Nazi regime rose to power in the 1930s, Sander was considered an authority on photography and recognized for his book face of our time (1929) During this era, he faced both personal persecution and the systematic destruction of his work. Following the death of his son in 1944, and the destruction of his work in 1946, Sander practically ceased photography altogether. He died in Cologne, Germany on April 20, 1964 at the age of 87. Today, the artist’s works are held in the collections of The Museum of Modern Art in New York, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne, among others.

Typology

Typology is a set of images taken of the same subject in the same detail but you take a photo of the different types, typology is the act of finding, counting and classifying facts with the help of eyes

Photo shoot plan

Photos

we went out and took 158 out of my first round of picking photo i passed 33 photos and failed the rest

from the photos i picked i think this was the best because i edited it and it shows students doing art work in there art environment.

in this photo the workers are in there environment fixing printers i think that this is a perfeft [tivture also theyh are in there environment

What is identity Politics?

IDENTITY POLITICS is a phrase that describes a political approach where in people of a particular religion, race, social background and class or other identifying factor form special socio-political alliances. It makes the distinct experiences and challenges faced by these groups and advocates for policies and practices that address their specific needs and rights.

The term was coined by the Combahee River Collective in 1977. It took on widespread usage in the early 1980s, and in the ensuing decades has been employed in myriad cases with radically different connotations dependent upon the term’s context.

It has gained currency with the emergence of social activism, manifesting in many dialogues within the feminist  , American civil rights , and  LGBT movements , disabled groups, as well as multiple nationalist   and postcolonial  organizations, for example:  Black Lives Matter  movement.

How does Identity Politics link to Culture Wars?

CULTURE WARS are cultural conflicts  between social groups and the battle for dominance of their  values, beliefs, and practices. It commonly refers to topics on which there is general social disagreement and  polarization in societal values is seen.

A “culture war” will signal much more than a disagreement. It will describe an impression of conflict between two irreconcilable worldviews in what is “fundamentally right and wrong about the world we live in” (1991).

This term is commonly used to describe contemporary politics in western democracies  with issues such as abortion, homosexuality  ,transgender rights, pornography, multiculturalism, racial viewpoints and different cultural conflicts based on values,  morality , and  lifestyle being stated as the major political cleavage.

What are some of the positives associated with Identity politics?

Identity politics will help centre the experiences of those as they will view as they will be facing some systemic oppression so that society can get better understanding the interplay of different forms of demographic-based oppression and ensure that no one group is disproportionately or affected by political actions.

Dangers of Tribalism

Tribalism is defined as
“behavior and attitudes that stem from strong loyalty to one’s own tribe or social group.”

The definition of as “a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked
by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a
recognized leader.” When we listen to the word tribe, we may think of Native Americans, but in modern
usage the term can also refer to people who share common ideas and allegiances.

Tribalism

Tribalism can have extremely negative consequences when it is used to eliminate individuals or groups or to
banish their rights, status, and/or independence. These negative impacts of tribalism are often sustained
by competition and the perception of a very common threat. They will promote fear, anxiety, and prejudice, all of
which make us more susceptible to fake news, propaganda, and conflict.
Tribalism can take lots of forms in our modern society. One example of tribalism is individuals’
strong connections with sports teams. These partnership are frequently built on regional identities and
approved through the use of symbols. We often see deep connection between fans of a specific
team who classify strongly with each other and against fans of opposing teams.