How is an image produced using a Camera Obscura (Pinhole Photography)?
An image is made by using a completely dark room or box with a small hole somewhere in it so that light passes through into the box, light should only pass through that one hole, an image of the view outside the box is then projected upside-down inside the box.
The Calotype and Daguerreotype
The Calotype, was a way of fixing an image onto a surface, that was created by Henry Fox Talbot. It was a paper negative.
The Daguerreotype, was another way of fixing an image onto a surface, that was created by Louis Daguerre. The image was printed onto a mirrored metal plate that had to be polished first and once the image was printed onto the plate a torch was used on it to actually fix the image onto the slab otherwise it could be easily wiped off.
Daguerre and Talbot were both in competition with each other to make and get out the best method of fixing photographs onto a surface. However unlike the Calotype, the Daguerreotype was much more expensive to produce, this resulted in the Calotype being favoured by people.
Both methods had very tedious processes unlike our modern technology. Both were very time consuming meaning the image wasn’t produced instantly like our modern cameras.
I think this image is one of my best images as the red doors and windows act as leading lines for the focal point which is the back wall. The way that the alley is lined up also makes this image much better because everything is lined up perfectly.
This is one of my best images because of the size decreasing in the boats, it starts of with the biggest boat and then they get smaller which gives great contrast to the image. The contrast between the dark stormy sky and the white boats also makes the image more interesting and appealing to look at.
This image is also strong but its not one of the best images. I like it because it captures every angle of the harbour but also includes the buildings in the background which adds more to the image.
I think this image is strong because of the leading lines of the white floor tiles that lead to the steam clock. The shapes and lines from the tiles also contrast against the clock and give the image more depth. The contrast between the stormy sky and the clock gives the image a dramatic appearance.
I think this is also a really strong image and it brings more presence into the image of Captain Nibbs.
Evaluation
I think the images I have taken are very strong and each one of them is different. All of the images are interesting and eye catching and the angles that I have taken the photos at make them look more intriguing.
The Maritime Museum is located around the Jersey harbour and has been open since 1997. The museum holds collections which include artefacts from the island’s maritime industry as well as from piracy and the 1692 Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue. The museum is housed in a set of five linked warehouses on the New North Pier in Saint Helier. This pier was constructed during the 1880s as part of the redevelopment of the harbour by the states of Jersey. The warehouses were built in 1889, and after the liberation of the island from German occupation in 1945, they housed the harbours customs and maintenance teams. The warehouses were then empty by the 1970’s due to changes in harbour practices with the development of containerisation. The pier was then converted into a marina from 1980. By 1992 the friends of the maritime museum group occupied the warehouses where they houses the maritime museum along with the occupation tapestry, after the 50th anniversary of liberation. In 1996 a memorial took place outside of the museum buildings to Channel islanders who died after being deported the Europe by the Germans. The museum then formally opened one year later in 1997. The collections within the museum cover the islands fishing and ship-building industries, its mercantile operations and piracy.
I took both these photos of the outside area of the Maritime Museum. I then edited them into a black and white photo by reducing the saturation to -100. I also increase the texture as I wanted the small details to stand out.
What was the involvement of Jersey mariners in the Canadian cod-fisheries and the Transatlantic carrying trade?
In the 15th Centaury, Newfoundland in Canada was discovered. the waters around it contained lots of cod which was great for fishermen.
In the 16th centaury tens of thousands of fishermen were traveling across the ocean to fish for all this cod including fishermen from the Jersey and channel islands. by the late 16th Centaury The governor of jersey stated that “islanders were saved from starvation by the arrival of a cargo of fish from the colony”
Fact: One Jersey islander who obtained a licence to sail to Newfoundland from the government to fish for the people of jersey was fined 300 crowns after he sold the fish to the people of St. Malo instead.
By the 17th centaury where trade routes were being set up with the rest of Europe, America and Canada, fishermen had set up bases on the coast of Gaspé, Canada. This is where they would salt the cod so it would be preserved till they got back to their countries.
Which ports did Jersey ships sail to and trade with?
Jersey ships sailed and traded with St. Servan (now part of St. Malo) in France as well as St. peter port in Guernsey and Hengistbury Head in Dorset, UK.
During the cod trade Jersey ships traded with the Caribbean and Honduras, as well as Europe, especially catholic countries such as Portugal, Spain and Italy as Catholics eat fish on Fridays so there was a high demand in these countries for fish.
What type of goods did Jersey merchants exchange for cod-fish?
In Mediterranean countries cod was of high demand so cod was traded for: wine, brandy, dried fruit, citrus fruits and salt. There was also a demand in Brazil where the cod was traded for coffee and sugar.
To what extent, has the island of Jersey benefitted from its constitutional relationship with Britain and the legacies of colonialism based on a slave plantation economy during the first Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)?
No 9 Pier road, is known as the ‘Merchant house’ and is a Victorian townhouse which was built by Philippe Nicolle in 1818 using money he inherited from his great uncles involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. The building is now part of the Jersey museum.
John Frederick Gibaut was a Jersey man who owned one of the largest sugar plantations, ran by slaves, in El Salvador during the mid 1800s. It ended up going bankrupt around the time slavery was abolished.
TW: Peter Pierre, Thomas Mallet and Parry were jersey men who sailed with the captain John Kimber, in 1797 from Gold Coast to Barbados with 409 Slaves. Sadly one of the Slaves passed away on the boat and the captain was accused of killing her because she refused to dance naked.
In summary Jersey benefited economically from the slave trade due Jersey men who had businesses involving the trade and ship masters whose boats were used to capture slaves.
photography is where you turn something ordinary into extraordinary and it can also be something like putting a frame into something and capturing that moment. It creates curiosity of who is the people framed in the photo and what lies outside the frame, it can transform what it describes. The camera is objective. Its like a story never ends in a photography because the photo was put into a frame with never ending ellipsis. Many say that photos can intrigue, outrage, disappoint and move people/society.
Fixing the shadows
Supposedly, photography was invited in 1839, however the idea of it has been known way before 1839 and was used for a millennium.
Camera Obscura which is a Latin word for dark shadow is a technique consisted of a dark room with no light emitting in the room. Then a small hole or circle would be made to allow light to enter. After 20 minutes, and upside version of what is outside, emitting from the hole , should be displayed on the other side of the wall. The longer you wait, the more detailed image you will get. This technique was seen as something deep, primitive and natural.
Done like this,
Pinhole photography
Pinhole photography uses the most basic concepts of a camera. A lightproof box, an aperture, and light-sensitive material. Light is passed through the pinhole to project an inverted image onto the paper or film on the opposite end of the camera. The distance between the pinhole and film determines the angle of view.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and The Niépce Heliograph
The Niépce Heliograph was originnaly made in 1827, during a period where there was fervent experimentation. It was and still is the earliest photograph produced with the help of the camera obscura known to survive till this day.
The photography shown below was made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce where he was born in 1765 and died in 1833. He was born in a prominent family in France. Encouraged by the ever growing popular demands for affordable pictures, his photographic experiments were conducted with the dual aims of copying prints and recording scenes from real life camera. He produced legible but fleeting images or points de vue, as he called them, in 1816. Over time, he tried to order chemicals, techniques and materials to advance the process he ultimately called héliographie, or ‘sun writing’.
To make the so called heliograph, he dissolved light-sensitive bitumen oil of lavender and put a thin coating over a polished pewter plate. He then would insert the plate into a camera obscuraand put it near a window in his second-story workroom. After several days of exposure to sunlight passed, the plate yielded an impression of the courtyard, outbuildings, and trees outside.
Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre and Daguerreotype
The daguerreotype is a direct-positive process, creating a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative. The process required great care. The silver-plated copper plate had first to be cleaned and polished until the surface looked like a mirror.
The daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process between 1839 until 1860 stated in the history of photography. It was named after the inventor, Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre.
In 1829, Louis partnered with Nicéphore Niépce, as mentioned above, the inventor of the first heliograph in 1822. However when Nicéphore Niépce suddenly died in 1833, Daguerre continued experimenting and produced the process which would later be know as Daguerreotype.
Henry Fox Talbot & Calotype
The Calotype was an early photographic technique by William Henry Fox Talbot of Great Britain in the 1830s. This technique consisted of a sheet of paper coated with silver chloride that was exposed to light in a camera obscura. The areas that where hit the most by light became darker which yielded a negative picture. This ever moving aspect of the process lat in Talbot discovery of a chemical called Gallic acid, would be the key to develop the image on the paper.
This acid would accelerate the silver chlorides chemical reaction to the exposed light. This discovery ensured a shorter exposure time in the camera with the drastic change, down from one hours to one minute.
“for when the eye was removed from the prism—in which all looked beautiful—I found that the faithless pencil had only left traces on the paper melancholy to behold.”
Robert Cornelius & self-portraiture
In 1839, late October or some say early November a 30-year-old man nestled alone in the works of his family’s Philadelphia gas lighting business. He noticed that in front of him was a makeshift camera where the cameras lens was fashioned from an opera glass.
He’d realize that the daylight was perfect to expose the meticulous prepared metal plate within the camera and decided to take a photograph of himself. Something that was revolutionary. This meant that he had to remain still and keep his posture for 10 to 15 minutes.
This extraordinary man was named Robert Cornelius, and some might even sometimes joke that he took the world’s first selfie that day. However it was said that he accomplished much more than the term “selfie” implies.
Julia Margeret Cameron & Pictorialism
Julia Margaret Cameron received her first ever camera when she was only 48 ,from her daughter and son in law. Before her time of receiving the camera, Julia had followed albums and experimented with printing photographs from negatives. Once, she printed a negative image by developing with Swedish art photographer called O.G. Rejlander where they surrounded the portrait with ferns to create a photogram frame which is basically a combination of an picture made in a camera and a camera-less technique. This showed Julia’s experimental nature and provided us with a glimpse of her photographic practice before she even acquired a camera of her own.
When Cameron actually took up photography, it involved lots of hard and physical work which used potentially hazardous materials. Her set up was a wooden camera, that sat on a tripod, which was was large and awkward. She used the most common technique at the time, which was the production of albumen prints that came from from wet collodion glass negatives. The process required a glass plate which was approximately 12 x 10 inch, to be coated with photosensitive chemicals, in a darkroom and it had to be exposed in the camera when it was still damp. The glass negative would then be returned to the darkroom, to be developed, washed and varnished. Prints were mostly made by placing the negative straight on to sensitised photographic paper and immediately exposing it to sunlight.
She quickly devoted herself to photography and within a month of her receiving her well deserved camera, she made an extraordinary image which she called her ‘first success’. It was a portrait of Annie Philpot, who was the daughter of a family staying in the Isle of Wight where Cameron lived
“The capacity for delight is the gift of paying attention”
Henry Mullins & Carte-de-Visit
The introduction of the carte de visite has many introductions and beginnings, but all agree that they became popular in the late 1850s. They kept their popularity until the late 1860s and the a sudden decline happened decline however they were still produced in the 1900s. Cartes de visite contains of a print stuck to a card mount of about 4 ⅛” x 2 ½” in size. The prints were mostly albumen and then later were used in emulsion based printing out paper. Other uncommon processes, including carbon and Woodburytype, were also used but not as popular.
He was born in 27th of December 1818 and died in the year of 1880, was a British photographer who started working at 230 Regent Street in London in the 1840s and moved to Jersey in July 1848, where he then set up a studio known as the Royal Saloon, at 7 Royal Square. Initially he was partnered up with a Mr Millward, who we know very little about. By the following year, he started working alone and he continued to work in the same studio for another 26 years.
For a bit of time, He worked in London, but judging by the collection of his images which are now held by La SociétéJersiaise, he found himself many of willing sitters in the island prepared to pay half a guinea (promoted as “one half of that in London”) to have their portrait taken by him.
As seen clearly, his speciality was cartes de visite and to which the photographic archive of La Société has a massive collection of these. They can be seen on the on line archive , on the website. They possess about 9600 go his images however the majority of these are set were up to 16 photographs taken in one single setting.
Richard Maddox
Richard Leach Maddox who was born in 1816 and then later died in 1902 was an English photographer who was also know as an inventor who was recognised in his significant participation in early photography. He is remembered for developing something called the ‘dry plate’ process. This process made photography more accessible and practical compared to the earlier wet plate techniques that were used. His discovery aided pave the way for the extensive use of photography in the late 19th century.
His creation of the dry plates made it easier to handle and meant that it could be stored for a longer time, which greatly enhanced the convenience of photography. He was also involved in various photographic papers and equipment. His handout were necessary in the evolution of photographic technology
My first lens was bought about 1846, but active professional duties prevented its being used until 1852; from that date onwards, as an amateur, I have been interested in photography’.
George Eastman
George Eastman who was born in 1854 and then died in 1932 was an American entrepreneur and inventor who diverted a crucial role in the construction of modern photography. He was best known for founding the what was called, The Eastman Kodak Company. He also was know for popularizing the use of roll film, which then made photography even more accessible to the public in general.
Here are some key contributions of George Eastman:
Roll Film: Developed a flexible roll film in the late 1880s. Allowed cameras to be more portable and user-friendly.
Kodak Camera: In 1888, he introduced the Kodak camera, which came pre-loaded with film for 100 exposures.
Mass Production of Cameras: Focused on mass-producing cameras, which then significantly lowered the price of camera’s and made photography more available to a bigger audience.
“Light makes photography”
Kodak (brownie)
The Kodak brownie was made to ensure that photography was more accessible to the public, especially amateur photographers to encourage them to pursue photography even more.
Here are some key features and historical significance of the Brownie:
Simplicity: It was easy to use, featuring a box design and a fixed-focus lens. people who used it only needed to point and shoot, which made it user-friendly for amateurs.
Affordability: It was just $1 when it was first released. This encouraged more buyers.
Roll Film: The Brownie used roll film, this was more suitable than glass plates. It helped popularise the use of roll film in photography even more.
Cultural Impact: It helped democratise photography, which allowed everyday people to capture their lives and occurrences.
Legacy: The Brownie name continued even with numerous models produced over the many years. This solidified Kodak’s honour in the photography market.
Film/print photography
Print and Film photography are traditional methods of producing and capturing.
Its Cultural Significance
Film and print photography have played and are still playing a crucial role in documenting history, art, and especially personal experiences. The tangent nature of film, onwards with the procedure of darkroom printing, has a tendency to appeal many photographers especially the ones who enjoy the hands-on aspects of the skill.
Even though there is a high rise in digital photography, film and print will always remain popular amidst enthusiasts for their particular aesthetic qualities especially the distinct processes involved.
The photographers that contributed to Film photography were artist like Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre. They were key features the early history of film. However George Eastman played a critical role in making photography accessible to the public.
Digital photography:
Digital photography is something that has been popular for awhile and will continue to be so. It’s the process of catching images using digital cameras which record light through sensors called ‘electronic sensors’. Unlike traditional film photography, where it captures images on light-sensitive film, digital photography transforms the captured light into digital data.
Who Invented Digital Photography?
1975: Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak, made the first ever digital camera. It was a quite bulky device which caught black-and-white images onto a cassette tape. This was the groundwork for the digital future of camera’s.
1980s: This period was the period where first commercial digital cameras started to emerge. Sony and Canon started producing cameras that made use of early digital imaging technology.
1990s: The time where the introduction of consumer digital cameras and the JPEG file format forwarded the popularisation of digital photography.
2000s and Beyond: Increasing advancements in technology guided the development of high-quality digital cameras, and things like smartphones with built-in cameras, and user-friendly editing software.
Salt paper photography
This method consisted of ‘printing out’ which meant that the image would be formed by light rather than developed out of chemicals. The chemistry of this method involves solutions of sodium chloride like table salt and silver nitrate which when combined would convert to light sensitive silver chloride.
Trip 1: Société Jersiaise Photographic Archive and St Helier Harbour
Our photography trip began with a visit to the Jersey Archives, where we were given a presentation on the relevance and importance of the Jersey archives. We were also shown older photos of saint Helier harbour and the maritime museum. Our first photoshoot was on the old harbours where we were also given a guided tour by Brian Nibbs, who is a former harbour master and a blue badge guide. In our second photoshoot we visited Albert Pier, Elizabeth Terminal, and the Elizabeth Marina.
Trip 2: Maritime Museum and St Helier Harbour
Our second trip was based on the Maritime museum as well as other areas of the harbour that we had not photographed in our first trip. To start we were given a talk by Doug Ford, maritime historian, on Jerseys maritime history and heritage. We were then given time to take photos of the exhibits within the Museum. Next we done a photoshoot of Victoria Pier and the fisheries (Fresh fish and Aquamar).
I took all of my images using a canon camera with a mix between manual and automatic mode.
Contact sheets:
I labelled the best photos with a white flag and the bad photos with a black flag. I also set colour labels on some of the images, I made the images from inside the maritime museum as blue, and I made the old photos of the harbour blue along with different piers. I also chose to make the photos of people red.
Best images:
These are my best images which I plan to edit, some of them have a low exposure which I will fix by increasing it through editing.
I believe my photoshoot was successful as I managed to capture many different types of photographs for exmple environmental photos, detailed shots, and landscapes.
Here I’ve selected more photos from my harbour photoshoot however I created a whole new page just for the people I’ve captured. All of the people I have captured each have a story of what they are doing in the moment and why, each person has a story, a reason to why they are doing the thigs they want to do an say. I really like the way each photo came out as everyone seems to be occupied, either by themselves or someone else interacting with them.
I’ve turned these photos into black and white as I believe it gives a more modern look, it almost helps to give the whole focus on the persons facial features, their pose and what they are holding. The photo on the right is a full view image of the man standing holding a roar , this tells us that the man in the image does rowing, his surroundings also suggests that he does rowing with all the roars in the background.
This photoshoot was quite a good experience to see how the life at sea is like. Every single person in this photoshoot seem to be busy at work, ether working on the boats or working with the sea life such as fish and lobsters. I chose to make a separate blog post just for people to show the difference of the meanings of each person in each photo.
Overall i really did enjoy this photoshoot as it helped me look at all the different jobs surrounded by the ocean, although this topic isn’t one i would voluntarily choose it does still an interesting aspects to it, for example I did enjoy walking around and seeing occupied doing their daily job that is so different to what we do as students in school, it was also really nice to see how things have changed throughout the years such as new inventions for boats and how they can go faster and collect more fish at a time, although there are still boats that collect fish as it till is good to see fishermen doing their jobs or even just their hobbies.
Due to snapseed not being supported on PC, I made some further edits to substitute in my zine. Using some original images from the snapseed edits, I edited them this time in greyscale to match the aesthetic of my black and white zine.
Edited images:
Mainly using saturation, I played around with the surrounding settings to create a deeply detailed set of images, with black and white being able to show a lot of details through tone I aimed to highlight these within these photographs.
What was the involvement of Jersey mariners in the Canadian cod-fisheries and the Transatlantic carrying trade?
It has been more than 400 years since the first Islanders crossed the Atlantic in search of work. They went to raid the cod-rich seas of the American and Canadian coast.
When the first Europeans reached Canada is unknown, but it is thought to be Italian explorer John Cabot’s descriptions of ‘new found lands’ and a sea swarming with fish in 1497 that attracted fishermen to the north of the continent.
By the beginning of the 16th-century Basque fishermen were travelling to the region to fish and, by 1580, around 10,000 European fishermen were making the transatlantic voyage to the area each year to fish for cod.
Channel Island fishermen were among these and by the 1750s they had set up lucrative trade routes between Canada, Europe and America, establishing bases on the Gaspé Coast where they could salt and prepare the cod for selling (merchants).
Which ports did Jersey ships sail to and trade with
A Collective effort to build harbours did not begin until the late 17th century, when work began on building a pier on the islet where St Aubin’s fort stands. During the 18th century St Aubin’s harbour proper was constructed and work began on developing St Helier as a port, although the capital had to wait until the 19th century before it really began to develop as a port.
It was during the early 19th century that stone piers were built at La Rocque, Bouley Bay, Rozel and Gorey, to accommodate the oyster boats. The harbour at Gorey also took passenger traffic from Normandy. The primary purpose of these harbours was the movement of cargoes and not people.
jersey fishermen voyaged to coasts such as Gaspé, here was where they salted and prepare the cod for trade and travel. All year round Fishermen could travel and fish, seas held large amounts of fish, nearer the coast proved itself hard for most fisherman who were unfamiliar with shallow waters, changing tided and rocky shores however Channel Islanders had plenty experience with coastal fishing and made use of their skills. Other ports included that on the Newfoundland, South America and others. Main ports which ships travelled to during their trades consisted of Bristol, London, Liverpool.
What type of goods did Jersey merchants exchange for cod-fish?
In Mediterranean countries cod was in high demand so was traded for: wine, brandy, dried fruit, citrus fruits and salt. There was also a demand in Brazil where the cod was traded for coffee and sugar.
To what extend, has the island of Jersey benefitted from its constitutional relationship with Britain and the legacies of colonialism based on a slave plantation economy during the first Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)?
No 9 Pier road, is known as the ‘Merchant house’ and is a Victorian townhouse which was built by Philippe Nicolle in 1818 using money he inherited from his great uncles involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. The building is now part of the Jersey museum.
John Frederick Gibaut was a Jersey man who owned one of the largest sugar plantations, ran by slaves, in El Salvador during the mid 1800s. It ended up going bankrupt around the time slavery was abolished.
TW: Peter Pierre, Thomas Mallet and Parry were jersey men who sailed with the captain John Kimber, in 1797 from Gold Coast to Barbados with 409 Slaves. Sadly one of the Slaves passed away on the boat and the captain was accused of killing her because she refused to dance naked.
In conclusion Jersey benefited economically from the slave trade due Jersey men who had businesses involving the trade and ship masters whose boats were used to capture slaves.
mood board/inspiration for up and coming harbour photoshoot
