There are three main types of lighting: Rembrandt, Butterfly and Chiaruscuro. They each include different forms of direction, intensity and temperature of lighting which alters the size and shape onto the subject. Also, different toned reflectors can be used to change the temperature or direction of the light.

REMBRANDT LIGHTING

Rembrandt lighting is typically used in portrait photography and gained it’s name from Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, the great Dutch painter.

It consists of using one light and one reflector (or two lights), instantly creating shadows and contrast. This specific technique creates a triangular shape under the subjects eye which increases the emphasis of drama to the viewer. This draws them in because the eyes are the main focal point in portraiture and something that can take on many forms and show emotion.

This makes a more appealing image as it has a creative side to it – it isn’t just general light on the face and exposes the features of the face more.

Arnold Newman was born March 3, 1918 in New York City. He studied art under a scholarship at the University of Miami, from 1936 to 1938. He died in New York City on June 6, 2006. Newman was generally acknowledged as the pioneer of the environmental portrait, he is also known for his still life and abstract photography, and he is considered as one of the most influential photographers of the 20th Century.

Newman began his career in photography in 1938 working at chain portrait studios in Philadelphia, and immediately began working in abstract and documentary photography on his own. Newman is often credited with being the first photographer to use so-called environmental portraiture, in which the photographer places the subject in a carefully controlled setting to capture the essence of the individual’s life and work.

Newman is often known well by being the photographer who articulated and who consistently employed the genre of environmental portraiture; a well known example being his portrait of Igor.

Newman normally captured his subjects in their most familiar surroundings with representative visual elements showing their professions and personalities. Newman’s best-known images were in black and white, although he often photographed in colour. His 1946 black and white portrait of Igor Stravinsky seated at a grand piano became his signature image. It shows the reality of what Igor Stravinsky does. The image is simple but shows depth and feeling towards his interests. The most important parts to this image is him, and his piano. His facial expression is serious, which could suggest how seriously he takes playing the piano. The way the piano is much bigger than him, and the fact the lid of the piano looks like a music note, may suggest how much music plays a big part in his life. Black and white represents death and life.

This picture is also in black and white. The image is focused on his face with a blurred background making his facial expressions stand out. The use of shadows could represent hidden meaning. The contrast from shadow to light show the dark and light side of human life.

What is Butterfly lighting?

Butterfly lighting is a form of lighting technique used mainly in a studio where artificial light can be used to create the effect. The lighting technique got its name from the butterfly-shaped shadow that appears under the nose when the light comes from above the camera.

Like Rembrandt, Butterfly lighting found its origins mainly in Hollywood. Additionally referred to as ‘Paramount lighting’ or ‘glamour lighting’, its earlier and still current use was on model stars, its purpose was to highlight the models beauty in detail. such as Audrey Hepburn modelling here, under this lighting technique:

Why use Butterfly lighting?

By having the light positioned above the camera onto the subject, this highlights the cheekbones which then creates shadows underneath the nose and neck, this makes the subject look thinner. Overall it good for taking flattering portraits and create a beautiful symmetry.

(The shadows on this model creates an eye-catching symmetry)

How to create Butterfly lighting:

Light –

To create the Butterfly lighting effect, either natural or artificial light can be used, as well as either hard or soft light. If soft light is being used, modifiers such as a beauty dish is useful to help distribute the light evenly on the skin. In order to create an effective butterfly lighting effect, the subject must be facing the light.

(Examples of Soft light VS Hard light)

Lens –

A 55mm is a good lens for a close up of the subjects facial features, For this lighting technique, its purpose is for a subjects face so this lens is best applied to this.

optional add-ons:

Additional experimentations can be made with the use of reflectors to soften shadows either on the chin or the face.

Examples of own work:

When using lighting you must think of the following when creating a desired outcome:

• Intensity of the light
• Direction of the light
• Temperature of the Light (Warm or cold + white balance)
• use of ” the golden hour”
• Using reflectors (silver/gold)

I have tried to mimic the Walker Evans style by matching the monochrome theme and soft textures of the Polaroid SX-70 that he used by reducing the dehaze and texture.

I also wanted to lightly emphasise the shadow so I have increased the blacks over the whites.

Additionally, I have attempted to centre the subjects on a vertical axis to match Walker Evans positioning as well.

Walker Evans usually centres his subject as a line or a grid which I think I could have developed on.

Our ISO, shutter speed and aperture were too high for our lighting setup which resulted in some images being dim, grainy and way too under exposed.

We used a studio table top setup with 1 point continuous lighting.

In this image I have used the wider side of the object to create parallel lines that give the image some shape.

Standing the subject on its side gave the photo some depth because of the shadow cast by the single static light.

By crossing the cutlery it created an interesting shape.

Environmental portraits are photographs used to capture a subject in their everyday workplace or home. It highlights the subjects surroundings and life style in a very direct way.

Environmental portraits can give the subject an ambiguous private identity but will give a simple notion towards the subjects work identity.

Mood Board

Arnold Newman

Arnold Newman makes use of shadows to create a 50/50 split of light and dark.

Some of his work is quite flat and bleak and the only dimension is the shadows on the people in the photograph.

In this image Arnold Newman creates an idea surrounding Agnes de Milles’ choreographing and dancing career by blurring people in the background which gives motion to the image.

Additionally, a lot of his environmental portraits use lines to add dimension and shapes to the photograph.

In most cases we can make use of natural or available / ambient light, but we must be aware of different kinds of natural light and learn how to exploit it thoughtfully and creatively. We can do this by looking at the:

• intensity of the light
• direction of the light
• temperature of the light (and white balance on the camera)
• making use of “the golden hour”
• Using reflectors (silver / gold)

There are different types of studio lighting that we can use such as Rembrandt, butterfly and chiaroscuro.

Rembrandt Lighting

Rembrandt lighting is a technique for portrait photography named after Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, a Dutch painter. It refers to a way of lighting a face so that an upside-down light triangle appears under the eyes of the subject.

Chiaroscuro Lighting

Chiaroscuro, Italian for lightdark, is bold contrast between light and dark. It first appeared in 15th century paintings in Italy and Holland. However, true chiaroscuro began during the 16th century in Mannerism and Baroque art. Dark subjects are dramatically lighted by a shaft of light, creating a split of light and shadow.

Butterfly Lighting

Butterfly lighting is a type of portrait lighting technique used mainly in a studio setting. Its name comes from the butterfly-shaped shadow that forms under the nose because the light comes from above the camera. It is also sometimes called ‘paramount lighting’ or ‘glamour lighting’.

What is Studio Portrait Photography?

Studio portrait photography is a type of photography that focusses on the individual in the photography rather than the background.

These photos could involve props to allow the individuals personality to be expressed more. Furniture is also a common prop to be used as it will allow the photographer to get different angles of the individual, for example, sitting on a chair facing away from the camera but twisting your body to capture the face in the photograph. The photographs are taken in an indoor environment where various types of lighting is accessible. this would most likely be a photography studio. Like in usual photography photoshoots, studio portraits can take up to several hours or less than a hour. As well as this, photographers will aim to take as many photographs as they can to ensure they get the right outcomes from their shoot. they do this for reasons such as: many photos wont have focuses and will come out blurry, the lighting might have no looked right in some photos and the individual may have not been prepared for some of the shoots. Studio portraits usually have better outcomes when the individual and photographer are comfortable with each other. this is a good advantage as it gives the photographer the confidence to direct the individual during the photo and it also gives the individual the chance to express themselves and feel secure enough to be involved.

Studio set up for photoshoot