Claude cahun

Claude Cahun is a French Photographer best known for their controversial portraits which helped change the idea of gender as they often wore “masculine” clothing and even shaved their head in a way of rebellion against what society depicts a “women” to be. Cahun was also a writer and sculptor who changed their name from Lucy Renee Mathilde Schwob to Claude Cahun as it was more gender neutral and therefore “neither masculine nor feminine, so there is no good reason to force either of those identities onto them.”. In Cahun’s own words they describe their gender as “Masculine? Feminine? It depends on the situation. Neuter is the only gender that always suits me.”

Claude Cahun (CC) began taking photos in the early 1912 and continued taking self portraits up until 1930s. In 1937 CC settled in Jersey following the occupation in France and Germany. Later on Cahun and Marbelle (CC’s stepsister) “became active as propagandists. Fervently against war, the two worked extensively in producing anti-German fliers. Many were snippets from English-to-German translations of BBC reports on the Nazis’ crimes and insolence, which were pasted together to create rhythmic poems and harsh criticism. The couple then dressed up and attended many German military events in Jersey, strategically placing them in soldier’s pockets, on their chairs, etc.”

Shannon O’Donnell

Shannon O’Donnell is a Jersey born photographer also known for her controversial photography questioning what our society views as “gender” and why. O’Donnell focuses on bringing “to light the inequalities of social standards as well as challenging how we as a society see one another. ” She has many short films and photobooks such as her work in “Shrinking Violet” where she shows her mothers role at home as a women and she questions and almost mocks it as this is what society sees as “women’s expectation”. Her short film “The way the river flows” further questions gender norms and tries to express her feelings towards societies views on “femininity and masculity”

O’Donnell’s inspirations:

• Claude Cahun – Jewish lesbian photographer best known for self portaits (1894-1954) “take risks and to stand up for what I believe in, no matter how obscure it may seem to others.”
• Casa Sunsanna – A house free of judgment where many people of different background where allowed to express themselves in any way they desired. (early 1960s) photos taken using Amateur photography
• Adi Nes – Photographer who grew up in the Israeli/ Palestinian War. Best known for their 100% staged tableaux photography using soft lighting and relaxed photographs which question sexuality and masculinity

Image Analysis

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Sources and Research:

https://shannonodonnell14.wordpress.com/type/video/

https://shannonodonnell14.wordpress.com/2018/02/12/fake-it-til-you-make-it/

https://usw-mezzanine.co.uk/shannon-odonnell/

https://www.makingqueerhistory.com/articles/2019/9/1/claude-cahun-part-ii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cahun

https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Claude_Cahun

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jan/08/gillian-wearing-claude-cahun-mask-national-portrait-gallery

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MY VIEWS

I wouldn’t say I had a major view on this topic. I believe that people, whoever they are, where they are from and what they believe to be true should be able to voice their opinion. Voicing your opinion is a human right, therefore everyone who is human can do this. My views alone do not impact on society as i feel my voice has no power in the wider community. I believe political parties should not be a thing, as they cause major divides in countries and wars and disputes.

OTHERS VIEWS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY

Some people have extreme views, of those who are different to them and these views have meant that others are prejudiced against, and felt to be lesser than others. I feel this is wrong, as everyone is equal and has the opportunity to be however they want to be. The media has caused a massive uproar relating to this topic, as anyone can voice their opinion and anyone can reply with their opposing view almost immediately, and from there it takes a downward spiral.

inspirations

• claude cahun- radical, rebellious, Jewish lesbian women
• duane michals- simple
• casa susanna- place where transgender people go to freely express themselves, amateur photographers, snapshots
• walter pfeiffer- poetic images
• adi nes- 100% staged, delves into masculinity, sexuality and war, jewish israli

research

• films
• news
• other photographers
• surveys
• interviews
• books
• theorists
• exhibitions
• talks
• local politics

theorists

• judith butler- gender constructs
• june singer- androgyny, ‘not being gendered but yourself’

how do you form your stories?

• juxtaposing images
• colours
• wants viewers to interpret story in any way that they want
• different types of images (layouts)

her work?

• shrinking violet- feminism, gender roles
• abort mission- abortion, church and christianity, view of womens bodies, photographing different people
• by your bedside- personal experiences, shot on medium form, therapeutic process, sound and film and photography
• susans sleep- audio scapes, lots of sound, ambient sounds, interviews, shot on lots of different things
• the cat and the mice- based on suffragettes in wales, based from archives, revisited places of significance, photographed contemporary activists
• thats not the way the river flows- centered on gender constructs, film, mixed with poetry, music and ambient sounds

She studied at south wales uni – media history photography for A level

Claude Cahun inspired Shannon because of how rebellious she was with shaved hair wearing male clothes. she was also jewish who did things she thought was right

Duane Michals- simple but affective film stills, black and white and visually inspiring 

Casa Susanna- shot in the 60’s, transgender men and women fled here to be free. private images, lucky to have been found. 

Walter Pfeiffer- young gay man, he died shortly after they were shot. calm, poetic. Subject took control over what he wore n how he posed 

Adi Nes – Jewish Israeli photographer – masculinity, sexuality and Israeli (war) culture, staged model photos 1996 – masculinities catalogue 

Judith butler book Gender trouble – constructed ideas of gender roles relating to sexuality, deconstructs ideas in society  

June singer book Androgyny the opposite within – idea of gender fluidity, picking and choosing areas of structed gender roles and re defining 

Shrinking Violet- her A level project. based around her mum’s role and the role she has at home and at work. mocking the traditional role of women. 

ABORT MISSION- in Cardiff, anti-abortion protests. pro-choice protesters. standing outside an abortion clinic. focusing on religion. same road had gentlemen clubs- strip clubs, duality in her photographs. 

BY YOUR BEDSIDE- based on her mum who had been put into a coma because she couldn’t breathe for herself. trauma of the hospital every day. Christmas day taken into hospital and put on the ventilation system- then induced coma for a month due to bacterial pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Project a year later acted as a therapy for her. Lot of issues that she had and dealt with. “Susan’s sleep” film with layered audio, with interviews and childhood home footage. 

THE CAT AND MICE- riverside in Cardiff, the suffragettes. acts of violence, lighting up post boxes etc. cat and mice title because based on an act passed for suffragettes who went to prison and went on hunger strike (forced fed through their nose). archive data. books etc. work made contemporary. the peace hall where they had riots, not significant anymore, turned into a Tesco’s. photographed contemporary women activists. 

That’s not the way the river flows – questioning her own gender identity. Made a short film layered with reading of her own poem. ‘moving stills’ poem about questioning gender and why society follows a strict binary of male and female. Able to be silly in front of the camera, gendered clothing, uses film and screenshots stills afterwards to edit. 

Technical

The photographer has used dim natural lighting, although a reflection can be seen on the shoes so there may have bee a flash, or that could just be window light. This photographer has not captured her images as still photos, but uses screenshots from films to then pick out and edit after. This image seems to have upped the contrast and highlights in post editing, with a wide focus of the whole image.

Visual

The image is in a black and white filter with a lighter tone. There are many different textures that give a deep amount of detail to the image, with the crossed carpet material and tartan trousers contrasting to the plain white (but not perfect) background and the smooth shine on the shoes. The focus on the image is centered towards the trouser lengths, with the foreground being unimportant and plain to highlight this.

Contextual

This image holds historical context as it is highlighting a predominantly male aesthetic, a suit,

Conceptual

CLAUDE CAHUN-

Claude Cahun was a French, Jewish, queer photographer active between the 1920s-40s, often described as a pioneer in Surrealism and with the main body of her work comprising of self-portraits that questioned gender-roles and political identity. Cahun’s work was often personal and questioning her own identity, and she said in their autobiography that she didn’t identify as a single traditional gender:

“Masculine? Feminine? It depends on the situation. Neuter is the only gender that always suits me.”

– ‘Disavowals : or cancelled confessions‘, by Claude Cahun

Cahun’s work can be described as revolving heavily around gender and sexuality, presenting as surrealism and the abstract, and mainly in the form of a self-portrait. Cahun often dressed up in various different outfits to make herself look like different people; a sailor, a doll, and angel, a devil, as well as both male and female. However, Cahun’s shaved head helped her to look androgynous and surreal throughout all her work.

“I is another…and always multiple”

Claude Cahun, The Art Story

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During the Second World War, Cahun was living in Jersey with her romantic and professional partner, Marcel Moore, and during the Island’s occupation by the Nazis they were both very active as resistance fighters. They made propaganda leaflets out of cut-out BBC transcripts of the atrocities the Nazis were committing and left them in the occupying soldiers’ pockets, cars, chairs and even in their cigarette packs, attempting to undermine the Nazi’s authority and criticise their oppressive fascist regime. In this way, Cahun used her own artistic talents to fight an authority figure, much like she was doing in her photography, just with a different authority. They were both sentenced to death in 1945, but the island was liberated before this could happen, and Claude Cahun died in Jersey in 1954 and is buried in St Brelade’s church alongside Marcel Moore, who committed suicide several years after Cahun’s death.

IMAGE ANALYSIS-

The image above is bold in multiple ways: technically it has a lot of different textures (the checkered jacket, the ornate frame of the mirror, Claude’s short and highlighted hair), but it is also conceptually bold. Cahun presents as incredibly androgynous in a way that was almost completely unheard of in that era, but is staring directly and confidently down the lens of the camera, almost challenging the viewer. Cahun’s eyes stand out particularly stronglyas well, because they are quite a lot darker than the rest of the image. Historically the mirror is used in art and photography to present two different viewpoints of a person or situation, and this is no different in this images. Cahun’s jacket collar is up in the “real” version we can see, and in the mirrored version the collar is down, exposing much more skin. This could also been seen as a bold challenge to society at the time, as their would not have been any expectations of Cahun and other people like them to be so fiercely confident with their own sexualities and comfortable in their own bodies, as is shown in the image.

SOURCES-

https://web.archive.org/web/20051221054030/http://vinland.org/scamp/Cahun/index.html

https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/claude-cahun-untitled-c-1921/

https://www.theartstory.org/artist/cahun-claude/artworks/#pnt_5

SHANNON O’DONNELL-

Shannon O’Donnell is a contemporary photographer who’s work also revolves around the themes of gender identity, gender roles and challenging gender as a social construct, as well as questioning various authority figures in her own individual way. She does a lot of research and theory work before each project in order to gain more knowledge and add context to her work.

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Similarly to Cahun, much of Shannon O’Donnell’s work focuses on gender roles, including a project called “Cat and Mouse” on the suffragette movement and “That’s Not The Way The River Flows”, which is a more personal study on O’Donnell’s own gender identity and gender expression. She has done a lot of work in Cardiff and also with the Jersey Archives.

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O’Donnell’s work is similar to Cahun’s in that it features quite a bit of black and white imagery, although she does work in colour as well. She also plays on themes of gender roles, self-expression and challenging authority, much like Cahun’s work. She also works a lot in self-portraiture, also similar to Cahun.

IMAGE ANALYSIS-

This image is part of O’Donnell’s “That’s Not The Way The River Flows” series, which highlights her internal thoughts about her own gender identity and expression. Here the image itself is quite light and bright, with the most eye-catching feature possibly being the light reflecting off her ring. She is dressed in a white collared-shirt, similar to what a man might wear to work or as part of a suit. The signet ring is also a fairly masculine element, but this is all contrasted by the white veil over O’Donnell’s face and hands, resembling a bride’s wedding veil. Her hands are also placed near to her face in a traditionally feminine and dainty way. There are quite a few different textures in this image; the mesh of the veil, the cotton of the shirt, the smooth shiny ring, and her skin, all of which make it more visually bold and interesting. O’Donnell’s downturned mouth contextually represents how she is in a state of internal turmoil and self-questioning. O’Donnell’s work has quite a few similarities to Cahun’s, due to the fact that Cahun is one of O’Donnell’s main influences, and this is quite evident in her work.

SOURCES/LINKS-

https://www.shannonodonnell.co.uk/shrinking-violet

https://www.shannonodonnell.co.uk/that-s-not-the-way-the-river-flows

https://www.shannonodonnell.co.uk/a-short-film-tntwtrf

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• university of south wales
• inspirations; Claude Cahun , Duane Michals, casa Susanna, Adi
• politics local and global
• a level work was based o feminism
• ‘trying to not to manage relationship between opposites; its simply flowing between them’

• projects
• by your side (2018)
• cat and the mice (2018)
• not the way the river flows
• abort mission ( first university project)

• research work development
• videos
• films
• podcasts
• family history influences her work
• reading
• research
• likes forming things in colour

Suffragettes

The suffragette movement started began in the early 20th century around 1903 under the banner “Votes for Woman’. Unlike the similar movement of ‘Suffragists’ suffragettes believed in ‘Deeds not Words’. They had had enough and found that no one was listening so took protesting to extreme measures. This included being violent, putting bombs in letter boxes, chaining themselves to railings, smashing windows, getting arrested and going on hunger strikes in prisons. However, during the protests many suffragettes were attacked and sexually assaulted by policemen and other men.

#METOO – #NOWWHAT

Dadaism

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement from the culture of avant-garde in europe. Avant-garde was a group of people and works from around the 20th century who were revolutionary and experimental with art forms.

GENERAL NOTES-

historical context, deconstructing gender binary, gender theory, gender as a constructed concept, questioning authority roles and the roles of the oppressed classes/social groups from many different viewpoints, extensive theory work/research beforehand, current work in jersey in the archives, digitisation of film negatives and archival analogue images

INFLUENTIAL ARTISTS + THEORISTS-

Claude Cahun– politically motivated, often bends or swaps traditional gender roles, use of the abstract and surrealism, lived in Jersey during the Occupation but being Jewish Cahun was a target and was sentenced to death during the Occupation but this was never carried out, attempted to incite rebellion against the occupying forces with her partner Marcel Moore, very influential artist on the theme of gender, androgyny and self-identity, their main body of work is self-portraits

Duane Michals- innovative but simplistic work, black and white, uses photo-series and sequences to convey his messages, his photography has addressed some lgbtq+ issues, often incorporates text/handwriting alongside his images to add elements of emotional context and philosophy

Casa Susanna- found at a flea market in the early 2000s, this photo series was shot in the 60s by men and trans women while they were at a hotel/resort called Casa Susanna, run by a trans woman and her wife (Susanna and Marie Valenti), it was used as an escape to express their own identity without fear of judgement, intimate and private images,

Walter Pfeiffer- lgbtq+ issues, poeticism in imagery, features the subject taking back some control, subject was a young gay man

Adi Nes- features soldiers, links to the islraeli-palestine war, questioning of masculinity and traditional gender roles in society

Judith Butler- American philosophical theorist who focuses on gender as a social construct, personal identity, influenced fields of third-wave feminism, queer theory, literary theory as well as philosophy and ethics, speaks about how prescribed gender roles are passed down through generations and is more of a performance than anything else

June Singer- androgyny and gender theorist

O’DONNELL’S OWN WORK-

shrinking violet- Hautlieu A-level project, based on motherly roles in family and career, gently mocking women’s traditional roles during the 60s, 2nd wave feminism, domestic household setting

abort mission- project at uni, anti-abortion protesters vs pro-choice protesters, ideological beliefs and links to religion (specifically Christianity), the subjects were fully aware that they were being photographed, links to govmt and the justice system as well as the Church and sexuality/morality, controlling women’s bodies

by your bedside- relationship with her mother, she was in an induced coma due to breathing problems, links to family relationships, medical trauma + personal trauma, hospitalisation, personal impact, interviews with family members to gain outside first-hand viewpoints, art/photography as a form of therapy and closure, the film features the use of sound; layering music with interviews and background noise

cat and mice- in Cardiff, focuses on Suffragette movement in Wales, difference between suffragettes (militant activist) and the suffragists (political and pacifist), contextual links between the past and the present with reference to locations and the changes over time, historical police brutality

that’s not the way the river flows- gender identity, mocking the traditional concepts of femininity and masculinity, questioning the self and own self expression, short film, “moving still”, own poem and personal viewpoint on subject, questioning the binary of male and female, cutting stills from film camera, use of traditionally gendered clothing and manipulation of the expectations.